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Physiology  at  Harvar 


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l^f   /  rreoenc  j>.  Lee, 

Oolumbia  Jimr$iiAif$ 

PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVAED 


BY 


WILLIAM  TOWNSEND   PORTER,  M.D. 

ASSOCIATE   PROFESSOR  OP  PHYSIOLOGY   IN   THE 
HARVARD   MEDICAL  SCHOOL 


THE    UNIVERSITY    PRESS 
1902 


PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 


PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 


BY 


WILLIAM   TOWNSEND   PORTER,  M.D. 

ASSOCIATE    PROFESSOR    OF   PT^TSIOLOGT    IN    THE 
HAKTARD   MEDICAL   SCHOOL 


THE    UXIYEPvSITY    PRESS 

Camiritisc,  irlass. 
1902 


Copyright,  1902 
By  William  T.  Porter 


Tg3 


CONTENTS 
I 

The  Laboratohy  Method 

Introduction .     .       1 

Old  and  New 2 

Ways  and  Means 2 

II 

The  First-Year  Course 

Instruction  given  each  Student 6 

Program    7 

Instructions  to  Students 8 

Laboratory  Experiments 10 

Pairing —  Distributiou  of  time — Experiments  performed. 

Experiments  on  Muscle  and  Nerve 13 

Methods  of  electrical  stimulation  —  Stimulation  of  muscle 
and  nerve  —  Chemical  and  mechanical  stimulation  —  Irri- 
tability and  conductivity —  The  electromotive  phenomena 
of  muscle  and  nerve  —  The  change  in  form. 

Additional  Experiments  on  Muscle  and  Nerve     .     .     15 
Methods  of  electrical  stimulation  —  Chemical  and  mechani- 
cal   stimulation  —  Irritability     and    conductivity  —  The 
electromotive    phenomena    of    muscle    and    nerve  —  The 
change  in  form. 

Spinal  Cord  and  Brain 18 


Vi  CONTENTS 

Sympathetic 19 

Cutaneous  Sensations 19 

Sensations  of  temperature  —  Sensations  of  pressure. 

Taste,  Smell,  Hearing 20 

Physiological  Optics 20 

Introduction  —  Refraction  in  the   eye  —  The   schematic  eye 
—  Accommodation  —  Ophthalmoscopy. 

Vision,  Digestion,  Absorption,   Lymph,  Blood,  Secre- 
tion, Respiration,  Metabolism 22 

The  Circulation  of  the  Blood 22 

The  pressure-pulse  —  The   innervation   of    the    heart   and 
blood-vessels. 

Apparatus 24 

Laboratory  Note-Book       .     .   • 25 

Conference 25 

Written  Tests 26 

Special  Demonstrations 28 

Recitations 29 

Theses  and  the  Reading  of  Investigations  ....  29 
Instructions  for  thesis. 

Theses  to  be  Discussed  in  1902 33 

Theses  to  be  Written  but  Not  Discussed  in  1902     .     35 

Lectures 37 

Calendar. 

Optional  Lectures 39 

Special  Experimental  Work 41 

Examinations 41 

Practical  examination  —  Written  examination. 

Ill 

The  Advanced  Course 47 


COXTEXTS  Vil 

IV 

Physiological  Research 48 

V 

The  Summer  Course 52 

APPENDIX 

Apparatus 53 

Requisition  Blaxk 61 

FifiST  Issue  of  Apparatus 62 

Second  Issue  of  Apparatus 64 

First  Return  or  Apparatus 65 

Apparatus  Liable  to  be  Broken 66 


PHYSIOLOGY    AT    HAEYAUD 

I 

THE   LABORATORY   METHOD 

Intkoduction 

The  new  method  of  teacliing  physiology  proposed 
in  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal}  De- 
cember 29,  1898,  and  more  fully  explained  in  the 
Philadelphia  Medical  ./o-ztniTjj^  September  1, 1900, 
was  adopted  by  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in 
1899.  The  experience  of  two  years  has  shown 
this  method  to  be  sound  in  theory  and  feasible  in 
practice.  It  is  my  present  purpose  to  state  how 
far  we  have  gone  upon  this  new  road.  Such  an 
account  will  provide  the  students  in  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  with  a.  working  plan  and  will  be 
useful  to  physiologists  and  to  others  who  have 
to  do  with  the  teachino-  of  the  biolosjical  sciences. 
The  present  total  lack  of  such  precise  accounts 
hinders  progress.  It  is  almost  impossible  to  find 
out  just  what  the  individual  student  receives  in 
the  various  universities.  The  experience  of  one 
university  is  not  accessible  to  others. 

1  Porter,  V^.  T.  :  The  teaching  of  physiology  in  medical 
schools,  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  December  29, 
1898,    pp.  647-652. 

'^  Porter  W.  T.  :  The  teaching  of  physiology,  Philadelphia 
Medical  Journal,  September  1,  1900. 

1 


PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 


Old  and  New 

The  traditional  method  of  teaching  physiology 
consists  of  a  systematic  course  of  lectures.  The 
new  method  consists  of  a  systematic  course  of 
experiment  and  observation  by  the  student  him- 
self. In  the  old  method  the  student  rests  upon 
the  dictum  of  the  professor  and  the  text-book. 
In  the  new  lie  is  thrown  upon  the  fundamental 
experiments  done  with  his  own  hands.  In  the 
old  his  experiments  illustrate  the  lecture.  In 
the  new  the  lecture  discusses  his  experiments 
and  collates  them  with  the  work  of  others.  The 
old  insensibly  teaches  men  to  depend  upon 
authority,  but  the  new  turns  them  to  nature. 

Ways  and  Means 

The  new  method  requires : 

1.  Printed  accounts  of  the  fundamental  ex- 
periments and  observations  in  physiology,  taken 
from  the  original  sources,  and  arranged  in  the 
most  instructive  sequence. 

2.  Accessory  data  grouped  about  the  funda- 
mental experiments.  Consider,  for  example,  the 
function  of  the  roots  of  spinal  nerves.  The  fun- 
damental experiment  here  is  Johannes  Miiller's 
well-known  section  and  stimulation  of  the  nerve 
roots.  The  accessory  data  are  such  of  the  obser- 
vations and  opinions  of  his  successors  as  are 
necessary  to  give  a  clear  picture  of  the  present 
state  of  knowledge  of  this  subject.  The  acces- 
sory data  as  well  as  the  fundamental  experiments 
should  be  taken  as  directly  as  possible  from  the 


THE   LABOEATOEY   METHOD  3 

original  sources,  and  the  reference  should  be  given 
in  each  case. 

3.  Apparatus  of  precision  designed  with  the 
utmost  simplicity  upon  lines  that  permit  its 
manufacture  in  large  quantities  at  small  cost. 

It  should  be  observed  that  this  method  serves 
for  the  instruction  of  all  students  from  beginners 
to  those  engaged  in  research.  The  beginner  per- 
forms the  fundamental  experiment  in  each  group 
and  studies  the  accessory  data.  If  certain  funda- 
mental experiments  require  too  much  time,  the 
beginner  limits  himself  in  these  cases  to  a  study 
of  the  original  protocol.  The  advanced  student 
performs  the  fundamental  experiments  and  as 
many  of  the  accessory  experiments  as  may  give 
him  the  special  training  he  desires.  The  research 
student  has  before  him  the  classical  observa- 
tions and  original  sources  of  the  problem  he  has 
chosen. 

It  should  be  noticed,  also,  that  the  new  need 
not  violently  dislocate  the  old  method  of  instruc- 
tion, but  that  it  may  replace  it  chapter  by  chapter 
as  the  means  and  the  energy  of  the  instructors 
permit.  Harvard  experience  justifies  this  state- 
ment. Collections  of  fundamental  and  accessory 
experiments  in  the  physiology  of  muscle,  nerve, 
the  circulation,  the  central  nervous  system,  the 
skin,  and  physiological  optics  have  been  printed.^ 

1  Porter,  W.  T.  :  An  Introduction  to  Physiolos^y.  Part  I. 
The  Phvsiologv  of  Muscle  and  Nerve,  pp.  1-235.  Second 
Edition,  January,  1901.  Part  II.  The  Circulation,  pp.  237-3 1 4. 
Parts  I  and  II  are  hound  together  in  green  cloth.  Part  III. 
The  Spinal  Cord  and  Brain,  in  preparation.  Meanwhile  the 
principal  experiments  upon  the  cord  and  hrain,  together  with 
those  upon  cutaneous  sensations,  have  been  printed  in  Experi- 


4  PHYSIOLOGY    AT    HARVARD 

Tliese  collections  are  being  completed  and  im- 
proved as  rapidly  as  possible,  and  the  data  for  the 
remaining  chapters  are  being  brought  together. 
In  its  final  form  this  matter  will  constitute  "A 
Laboratory  Text-book  of  Physiology."  ^ 

The  Harvard  Physiological  Apparatus  has  been 
especially  devised  for  the  laboratory  teaching  of 
large  numbers  of  students.  The  latest  models  of 
this  apparatus  are  distinguished  by  their  simplic- 
ity of  design,  sound  workmanship,  and  low  cost. 

With  this  equipment  two  hundred  and  ten 
students  in  the  last  collegiate  year  performed 
physiological  experiments  in  the  laboratories  of 
the  Medical  School  five  mornings  every  week  dur- 
ing four  months.  The  new  method  was  employed 
in  the  physiology  of  muscle  and  nerve,  the  circu- 
lation and  the  skin,  and  in  physiological  optics.  A 
part  of  the  physiology  of  the  central  nervous  sys- 
tem was  taught  by  the  new  method,  the  remainder 
by  the  old.  The  physiology  of  respiration  and 
of  other  fields  for  which  the  necessary  experi- 
ments and  accessory  data  were  not  ready  was 
taught  entirely  by  the'  traditional  system  of 
lectures  with  demonstrations. 

During  the  present  year,  1901-1902,  the  in- 
struction w^ill  be  as  follows  : 

Courses  offered  in  1901-1902 

1.  Pirst-Year  Course.      3.    Eesearch. 

2.  Advanced  Course.      4.    Summer  Course. 

ments  for  Harvard  Medical  Students,  Second  Series,  1902,  pp. 
1-28,  Second  Edition.    Part  IV.    Physiological  Optics,  pp.  1-96. 
Bound  in  gray  paper.     Other  parts  in  preparation. 
^  This  title  is  copyrighted  by  W.  T.  Porter. 


THE    FIRST-YE4R   COURSE 


II 

THE   FIRST-YEAR  COURSE 

The  first-year  course  is  required  of  all  students. 
It  is  designed  to  give  the  general  introduction  to 
physiology  that  every  Doctor  of  Medicine  should 
possess.  It  is  valuable  also  to  biologists  not  in- 
tending to  become  physicians.  The  medical  stu- 
dents who  take  this  course  have  spent  the  first 
four  months  of  the  collegiate  year  in  the  study  of 
anatomy,  histology,  and  embryology.  The  morn- 
ings of  the  second  four  months,  February,  March, 
April,  and  May,  are  given  to  physiology  ;  and  the 
afternoons  of  three  of  these  months,  Tebruary, 
March,  and  April,  to  physiological  chemistry, 
which  is  now  taught  in  the  Chemical  Depart- 
ment. 

The  instruction  given  each  student  is  shown 
in  the  accompanying  tables,  which  will  be  fol- 
lowed by  a  description  of  the  several  exercises. 


PHYSIOLOGY    AT   HARVARD 


TABLE   I 

Shoavixg  the  Ixstkuctiox  given  Each  Student  in 
THE  First- Year  Course 


Number 
of  Exer- 
cises. 


50 

15 

15 

15 

50 
24 


Character  of  Exercise. 


Laboratory  experiments.  Professor  W. 
T.  Porter  and  Drs.  Cannon,  l.illie;  and 
Opitz,      Daily,  except  Satiirda//. 

Conference.  Professor  W.  T.  Porter  and 
Dr.  Cannon.  Daily,  except  Saturday. 
First  to  fifteenth  week,  inclusive. 

Written  tests.  Daily,  except  Saturday. 
First  to  fifteenth  ice'-k,  inclusive. 

Lectures,  with  demonstrations.  Profes- 
sor W.  T.  Porter  and  Dr.  Cannon 
Daily,  except  Saturday,  Sixth  to  Jif- 
teenth  v:eek,  inclusire. 

Special  demonstrations.  Professor  W. 
T.  Porter  and  Dr.  Cannon.  Saturdays. 
First  to  fifteenth  iceek,  inclusire. 

Eecitations.  Professor  Bowditch.  Sat- 
urdays.   Fiy-st  tojifteenth  iveek,  inclusive. 

Recitations.  In  sections.  Profe.'^sor  W. 
T.  Porter  and  Dr.  Cannon.  Mondays. 
First  to  Jifieenth  week,  inclusive. 

Discus.^ion  of  theses.  The  entire  class 
and  the  Staff.  Daily,  except  Friday. 
Sixth  to  Jifieenth.  xveek,  inclusive. 

Optional  lectures.  Professors  Bowditch 
and  W.  T.  Porter,  Drs.  Cannon,  Lillie. 
and  Opitz.  Afernoons  iu  May,  except 
Saturdays.  (In  1900-1901  tliere  Avere 
37  optional  lectures.) 

Thesis.  Written  by  each  student  from 
the  original  sources. 

Beading  of  investigations.  The  reading 
of  one  or  more  investigations  in  the 
original  source  and  the  discussitm  of 
these  wlien  the  the.^es  upon  the  same 
subjects  are  discussed. 

Special  experimental  work.  Optional 
during  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 
weeks,  for  selected  students. 


Hour.^  of 

Iiistruc- 

ticn. 


180 
36 

25 

15 

15 
11 

40 


THE   FIRST-YEAR    COURSE 


TABLE   n 

Program  of  First- Year  Course 


SECOXD  HAT,F-YEAB. 

Physiology.    Febeuaky  8  to  March  15. 

Monday. 

Tuesday.      Thursday. 
Wednesday.      Friday. 

Saturday. 

9-9.30 

Conference. 
Room  A. 

Conference. 
Room  A. 

» 

Q  -^ft-q  t^O     1    Written  Test. 
9.d0-9.50     1         EoomB. 

Written  Test. 
Room  B. 

1       Laboratory 
9.50-13           Experiments. 
Room  B. 

Laboratory  Experiments. 
Room  B. 

10-11 

Recita- 
tion. 
Room  A. 

13-1 

Recitation. 

In  Sections. 

Room  B. 

11-13 

Demon- 
stration. 
Room  A. 

March  17  to  May  31.                                                1 

9-9.30 

Lecture. 
Room  A. 

Lecture. 
Room  A. 

9-9.45 

Discus- 
sion of 
Theses. 
Room  A. 

9.30-10 

Conference. 
Room  A. 

Conference. 
Room  A. 

10-10.30 

Written  Test. 
Room  B. 

Written  Test. 
Room  B. 

10-11 

Recita- 
tion. 
Room  A, 

10.30-13.15 

Laboratory 

Experiments. 

Room  B. 

Laboratory  Experiments. 
Room  B. 

13.15-1 

Recitation. 

In  Sections. 

Room  B. 

Discussion  of  Theses. 
Room  A. 

11-13 

Demon- 
stration. 
Room  A. 

June  1  to  June  7. 

Laboratory  Experiments.    Room  B. 

PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HAEVARD 


Instructions  to  Students 

rive  weeks  before  the  beginning  of  the  course 
the  following  letter  is  sent  to  each  student :  ^ 

Form  A. 

Department  op  Physiology, 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

January  2,  1902. 

Dear  Sir  :  — 

Since  many  of  the  laboratory  experi- 
ments in  physiology  require  two  men  for  their  suc- 
cessful performance,  the  class  will  be  divided  into 
pairs.  Students  may  work  with  whom  they  please, 
provided  those  desiring  to  work  together  give  writ- 
ten notice  to  Professor  W.  T.  Porter  not  later  than 
February  1.  Where  no  preference  is  expressed  the 
pairing  will  be  made  from  an  alphabetical  list.  The 
distribution  of  the  pairs  at  the  laboratory  desks  will 
be  posted  on  the  bulletin  board  February  6.  Stu- 
dents are  advised  to  provide  themselves  with  the 
following  articles  : 

1.  A  dissecting  case,  including  scissors,  one  large 
and  one  small  forceps,  and  a  seeker. 

2.  A  small  towel. 

3.  A  piece  of  cotton  cloth  about  40  X  40  cm. 

4.  A  microscope  with  a  hinged  standard  allow- 
ing the  stage  to  be  tilted  to  a  perpendicular 
position.  One  member  of  each  pair  may  rent  a 
microscope  by  applying  to  the  Department  of  His- 
tology. Students  now  using  a  microscope  of  the  re- 
quired kind  may  there  arrange  to  keep  it  and  their 
microscope  locker  during  the  second  half-year. 

1  Letters,  lists  of  apparatus,  and  similar  matter  for  the  use  of 
students  are  printed  upon  the  Rotary  Neostyle. 


THE   riEST-YEAR   COUESE  9 

5.  The  pamphlet  entitled  "Physiology  at 
Harvard." 

6.  The  Physiological  Laboratory  ISTote-book. 

7.  The  Introduction  to  Physiology,  Parts  I  and 
II,  bound  together  in  cloth.  To  be  had  from  W. 
B.  Clarke  Company,  corner  of  Park  and  Tremont 
Streets,  Boston. 

8.  Experiments  for  Harvard  Medical  Students, 
Second  Series,  bound  in  gray  paper. 

9.  The  Introduction  to  Physiology,  Part  IV, 
bound  in  gray  paper. 

10.  The  Physiological  Thesis  Book. 

Articles  1,  2,  3,  5,  6,  8,  9,  and  10  are  sold  by  the 
Co-operative  Society. 

Pirst-year  medical  and  dental  students  will  meet 
the  Staff  of  the  Department  February  8,  at  9  a.m., 
in  Room  A,  where  they  will  be  addressed  by 
Professor  Bowditch. 

At  9.30  A.M.  the  students  will  find  their  desks  in 
Eoom  B.  Each  desk  bears  the  names  of  the  owners 
upon  a  printed  slip.  Each  student  will  receive  a 
key  to  the  locker  in  his  desk.  Eor  each  key  a  de- 
posit of  one  dollar  will  be  required,  to  be  refunded 
when  the  key  is  returned. 

Within  the  cupboard  and  drawers  of  the  locker 
will  be  found  the  apparatus  necessary  for  the  first 
work  of  the  course,  together  with  a  printed  list  of 
the  apparatus  (see  Appendix,  Form  G-,  page  62). 
Articles  marked*  will  be  found  in  the  small  wooden 
boxes.  The  list  should  be  verified  and  signed  by 
each  student.  This  receipt  will  be  retained  by  the 
Department. 

The  apparatus  is  issued  in  good  condition,  and 
students  will  be  held  responsible  for  its  return  in 
good  condition.  The  cost  of  cleaning,  repairing, 
or  replacing  articles  which  become   damaged  will 


10  PHYSIOLOGY  AT   HAEVARD 

be  charged  to  the  students  to  whom  they  were 
issued.  A  list  of  the  articles  liable  to  be  broken 
beyond  repair  is  posted  in  the  laboratories,  with 
the  cost  opposite  each  (see  Appendix,  Form  J, 
page  66).  Students  desiring  additional  apparatus 
must  present  a  signed  requisition  for  the  desired 
article  (see  Appendix,  Form  F,  page  61). 

Frogs  and  tortoises  will  be  issued  on  the  presen- 
tation of  signed  requisitions.  Students  using  more 
than  the  average  number  of  animals  will  be  charged 
ten  cents  for  each  additional  medium-sized  frog, 
and  twenty-five  cents  for  each  large  frog  and  each 
tortoise. 

Every  charge  will  be  divided  equally  between 
the  two  members  of  the  pair  represented  by  the 
name  on  the  requisition. 

You  are  advised  to  keep  this  letter  for  reference. 
Very  truly  yours, 

W.  T.  Porter. 


Laboeatory  Experiments 

In  the  laboratory  the  student  works  fourteen 
hours  a  week  during  six  weeks,  and  ten  hours  a 
week  during  the  ten  other  weeks  of  the  course. 

Pairing.  —  Many  of  the  experiments  cannot  be 
done  by  one  person  alone.  Others  are  per- 
formed more  rapidly  and  with  better  results  by 
two  workers  than  by  one.  Moreover,  discussion 
and  mutual  criticism  are  valuable.  The  class 
is  therefore  divided  into  pairs.  Students  are 
urged  to  select  their  comrades  for  themselves. 
Those  who  fail  to  choose  are  paired  by  lot.  The 
pair  usually  decides  to  divide  the  experimental 
work  so  that  upon  one  day  the  preparation  of  the 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  11 

frog,  or  other  material,  shall  fall  to  one  student, 
while  the  arrangement  of  the  apparatus  shall  fall 
to  the  other ;  the  next  day,  these  duties  are 
exchanofed. 

Distribution  of  Time.  —  The  sixteen  weeks  of 
experimentation  are  divided  as  follows : 

February  8-March  14.     Muscle  and  nerve. 
March  17-25.     Spinal  cord  and  brain. 
March  26-27.     Cutaneous  sensations. 
March  28-April  1.     Taste,  smell,  hearing. 
April  2-8.     Physiological  optics. 
April  9-11.     Vision. 
April  13-19.     Eecess. 

April  22-May  2.     Digestion,  absorption,  lymph, 
blood,  secretion,  respiration,  metabolism. 
May  5-29.     Circulation. 
May  30.     Memorial  Day  —  a  holiday. 
June  2-7.     Practical  examination. 

The  physiology  of  muscle  and  nerve  heads  the 
list,  for  the  logical  reason  that  contractility  and 
irritability  are  the  primary  attributes  of  living- 
tissues  and  should  be  studied  first,  and  for  the 
practical  reason  that  no  field  has  been  so  thor- 
oughly worked  as  this  and  none  is  so  well  adapted 
to  train  the  beginner  in  phj^siological  technique 
and  the  physiologist's  habit  of  thought. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  time  given  to  this 
subject  is  relatively  greater  than  that  given  to 
any  of  the  others.  The  greater  training  power 
of  the  physiology  of  muscle  and  nerve  accounts 
for  this  in  part.  But  the  student's  lack  of  skill 
and  knowledge  is  the  chief  cause.    When  the  stu- 


12  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HAKVARD 

dents  begin  the  study  of  muscle  and  nerve  tliey 
are  as  a  rule  unacquainted  with  experimentation 
upon  living  tissues.  During  the  first  two  weeks 
they  are  slow  and  awkward.  During  the  third 
week  a  remarkable  change  begins.  At  the  fifth 
week  it  may  be  said  without  exaggeration  that 
most  of  the  students  are  rapid  and  fairly  accurate 
experimenters.  The  experiments  upon  muscle 
and  nerve,  w^hich  require  the  mornings  of  five 
weeks  at  the  beginning  of  the  course,  could  at  the 
end  of  the  course  be  easily  done  in  three.  The 
experiments  upon  the  circulation,  which  require 
four  weeks  in  their  present  position,  would  re- 
quire at  least  six  if  placed  at  the  beginning  of 
the  course. 

It  should  be  said,  further,  that  the  work  upon 
•muscle  and  nerve  includes  certain  experiments 
that  are  commonly  taught  under  the  heading  of 
the  nervous  system. 

The  students  who  enter  the  physiological  course 
have  already  studied  the  special  anatomy  of  or- 
gans the  structure  of  which  would  otherwise  be 
described  by  the  physiologist.  This  rational  prep- 
aration materially  shortens  the  time  required  for 
certain  chapters  in  physiology. 

The  space  assigned  the  vegetative  functions  is 
small  because  the  laboratory  work  in  the  chem- 
istry of  the  carbohydrates,  fats,  proteids,  bone, 
cartilage,  muscle,  salivary  glands,  stomach,  pan- 
creas, bile,  blood,  milk,  and  urine  is  pursued  at 
present  in  the  Department  of  Chemistry. 

Experiments  Performed.  —  Following  is  a  com- 
plete list  of  the  experiments  performed.  Students 
are  not  permitted  to  pass  to  a  new  experiment 


THE   FIRST-YEAR    COURSE  13 

until  the  one  in  hand  has  been  performed  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  instructors.  Only  work  well 
done  is  accepted. 


Physiology  of  Muscle  and  Nerye 

Methods  of  Electrical  Stimulation.  —  The  prep- 
aration of  the  gastrocnemius  muscle,  p.  4.  The 
nerve-muscle  preparation,  p.  6.  Galvani's  experi- 
ment, p.  12.  Polarization  current,  p.  25.  Make 
and  break  induction  currents  as  stimuli,  p.  40. 
Tetanizing  currents,  p.  42.  Exclusion  of  make 
or  break  current,  p.  43.  Unipolar  induction, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  44  and  45. 

Stimulation  of  Muscle  and  Nerve.  —  Opening 
and  closing  contraction,  p.  61.  Changes  in  inten- 
sity of  stimulus,  Experiments  1  and  2, 'pp.  62  and 
63.  Polar  stimulation  of  muscle,  Experiment  5, 
p.  68.  Tonic  contraction,  p.  70.  Physiological 
anode  and  cathode  in  rectus  muscle,  p.  72.  Law 
of  contraction,  p.  75.  Changes  in  irritability,  Ex- 
periment 1,  p.  79.  Changes  in  conductivity,  p. 
82.  Stimulation  of  human  nerves,  p.  89.  Stim- 
ulation of  motor  points,  p.  92.  Polar  stimulation 
of  human  nerves,  p.  93.  Reaction  of  degeneration, 
p.  97.  Influence  of  duration  of  stimulus,  Experi- 
msnt  2,  p.  101.  Rhythmic  contraction.  Experi- 
ment 1,  p.  103.  Polarization  current.  Experiment 
1,  p.  106.  Polar  fatigue,  p.  108.  Polar  inhibition 
by  the  galvanic  current.  Experiment  1,  p.  114. 
Effect  of  the  angle  at  which  the  current  lines 
cut  the  muscle  fibres,  p.  118.  Polar  stimulation 
by  the  induced  current,  Experiment  2,  p.  120. 

Chemical  and  Mechanical   Stimulation.  —  Effect 


14  PHYSIOLOGY  AT   HARVAED 

of  distilled  water,  p.  124  Strong  saline  solu- 
tions, p.  125.  Drying,  p.  125.  Normal  saline,  p. 
126.  Importance  of  calcium,  p.  126.  Constant 
chemical  stimulation  may  cause  periodic  contrac- 
tion, p.  126.     Mechanical  stimulation,  p.  127. 

Irritability  and  Conductivity.  —  The  indepen- 
dent irritability  of  muscle;  curare  experiment,  p. 
132.  Irritability  and  conductivity  are  separate 
properties  of  nerve,  Experiment  1,  p.  134.  Min- 
imal  and  maximal   stimuli;   threshold  value,  p. 

137.  Summation  of  inadequate  single  stimuli,  p. 

138.  The  same  nerve  fibre  may  conduct  impulses 
both  eentripetally  and  centrifugally.  Experiment 

1,  p.  144.     Speed  of  nerve  impulse,  p.  146. 

The  Electromotive  Phenomena  of  Muscle  and 
Nerve.  —  Demarcation  current  of  muscle.  Ex- 
periment -1,  p.  150  (omit  last  three  lines). 
Uninjured  muscle,  p.  153.  Stimulation  by  de- 
marcation current.  Experiment  1,  p.  153.  Meas- 
urement of  electromotive  force  of  demarcation 
current,  compensation  method,  p.  158.  Demarca- 
tion current  of  nerve,  p.  159.  Action  current  of 
muscle.  Experiments  1  (rheoscopic  frog)  and  2,  p. 
166.    Action  current  of  heart.  Experiments  1  and 

2,  p.  173.  Action  current  of  nerve ;  negative 
variation.  Experiment  1,  p.  178.  Secretion  cur- 
rent from  mucous  membrane,  p.  183. 

The  Change  in  Form.  —  The  duration  of  the 
several  periods,  p.  196.  The  excitation  wave,  p. 
199.  The  contraction  wave,  p.  201.  Influence 
of  load  on  height  of  contraction,  p.  204.  Influence 
of  temperature  on  form  of  contraction,  p.  205. 
Superposition  of  two  contractions,  p.  209.  Super- 
position in  tetanus,  p.  210".     Muscle  sound,  Ex- 


THE   riRST-YEAR   COUESE  15 

periments  1,  2,  and  3,  pp.  211-212.  Eelation  of 
shorteainfy  in  a  sinsjle  contraction  to  shorteninfr 
in  tetanus,  Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  pp.  215- 
217.  Graduation  of  isometric  spring,  p.  218. 
Isometric  contraction,  p.  219.  Artificial  tetanus 
of  human  muscle,  p.  221.  Natural  tetanus  of 
human  muscle,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  221. 
Spontaneous   contractions  of   smooth    muscle,  p. 

221.  Simple  contraction    of   smooth    muscle,  p. 

222.  Tetanus  of  smooth  muscle,  p.  223.  Influ- 
ence of  load  on  work  done,  p.  223.  Absolute 
force  of  muscle,  p.  224.  Total  work  done ;  the 
work  adder,  p.  224  Time  relations  of  developing 
energy,  p.  226.  Elasticity  and  extensibility  of 
a  metal  spring,  p.  229.  Of  a  rubber  band,  p. 
230.  Of  skeletal  muscle,  p.  230.  Fatigue  of 
skeletal  muscle  of  frog,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p. 
232.  Fatigue  of  human  skeletal  muscle,  Experi- 
ment 1,  p.  233. 

Students  better  prepared  than  the  average  will 
finish  the  experiments  on  muscle  and  nerve  in 
less  than  the  average  five  weeks.  Such  men  may 
perform  the  additional  experiments  on  muscle 
and  nerve  provided  below. 


Additional  ExrERiMEXTS  on  Muscle  and 
Nerve 

[^To  be  begun  only  iu  case  the  first  list  is  finished  in  less 
than  the  prescribed  five  weeks.  These  additions  comprise  the 
experiments  in  the  Introduction  to  Physiology,  Part  I,  not 
included  in  the  first  list.^ 

Methods    of    Electrical    Stimulation.  —  Surface 
tension,  p.  15.     Surface  tension  altered  by  elec- 


16  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

trical  energy,  p.  16.  The  cell,  p.  21.  Electrolysis 
of  potassium  iodide,  p.  27.  Graduation  of  the 
electrometer,  p.  28.  Magnetic  induction,  p.  30, 
Magnetic  field ;  lines  of  force,  p.  33.  To  pro- 
duce electric  induction,  the  lines  of  magnetic 
force  must  be  cut  by  the  circuit,  p.  33.  Elec- 
tromagnetic induction,  p.  33.  Make  and  break 
induction,  p.  34.  The  inductorium,  pp.  35-37. 
Empirical  graduation  of  inductorium,  p.  38.  The 
extra  currents  at  the  opening  and  closing  of  the 
primary  current.  Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  41-42. 
Induction  in  nerves,  p.  43.  Unipolar  induction. 
Experiments  3,  4,  5,  and  6,  pp.  45-49.  Changes 
in  intensity  of  stimulus  with  indirect  stimula- 
tion. Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  63-64.  Polar 
stimulation  of  muscle.  Experiments  1,  2,  3,  and  4, 
pp.  65-67.  Polar  stimulation  in  heart ;  mono- 
polar method,  p.  74.  Changes  in  irritability.  Ex- 
periments 2  and  3,  pp.  79-81.  Conductivity  is 
diminished  by  strong  or  protracted  currents  in 
the  cathodal  as  well  as  in  the  anodal  region,  p. 
85.  Galvanotropism,  p.  98.  Influence  of  duration 
of  stimulus.  Experiments  1,  3,  4,  and  5,  pp.  100- 
102.  Ehythmic  contraction  ;  skeletal  muscle,  p. 
104.  Continuous  galvanic  stimulation  of  nerve 
may  cause  the  periodic  discharge  of  nerve  im- 
pulses, pp.  105-106.  Polarization  current;  posi- 
tive variation,  p.  107.  Opening  and  closing 
tetanus,  Experiments  1,  2,  3,  and  4,  pp.  108-110. 
Polar  excitation  in  injured  muscle,  p.  112.  Polar 
inhibition  in  veratrinized  muscle,  p.  116.  Stimu- 
lation affected  by  the  form  of  the  muscle,  p.  117. 
The  induced  current,  Experiments  1,  3,  and  4,  pp. 
119-121. 


THE   riEST-YEAE   COUESE  17 

Chemical  and  Mechanical  Stimulation.  —  Idio- 
muscular  contraction,  p.  127. 

Irritability  and  Conductivity.  —  Nerve-free  mus- 
cle, p.  130.  Muscle  with  nerves  degenerated,  p. 
131.  The  nerve-free  embryo  heart,  p.  131.  Irri- 
tability and  conductivity  are  separate  properties 
of  nerve;  2.  Alcohol,  p.  136.  Threshold  value 
independent  of  load,  p.  138.  Eelative  excita- 
bility of  flexor  and  extensor  nerve  fibres  ;  Eitter- 
EoUett  phenomenon,  p.  139.  Specific  irritability 
of  nerve  greater  than  that  of  muscle,  p.  141. 
Irritability  at  different  points  of  same  nerve,  p. 
142.  The  excitation  wave  remains  in  the  muscle 
or  nerve  fibre  in  which  it  starts,  p.  143.  The 
same  nerve  fibre  may  conduct  impulses  both  cen- 
tripetally  and  centrifugally,  Experiment  2,  p.  145. 

The  Electromotive  Phenomena  of  Muscle  and 
Nerve.  —  Demarcation  current  of  muscle.  Experi- 
ment 2,  p.  151.  Oblique  section,  p.  152.  Stimu- 
lation by  demarcation  current,  Experiments  2,  3, 
and  4,  pp.  154-155.  Interference  between  the 
demarcation  current  and  a  stimulating  current; 
polar  refusal,  p.  155.  Measurement  of  electromo- 
tive force  of  demarcation  current,  Experiment  1,  p. 
157.  Nerve  may  be  stimulated  by  its  own  demar- 
cation current,  p.  160.  The  action  current  in 
tetanus  ;  stroboscopic  method,  p.  168.  Eheoscopic 
muscle  tetanus,  p.  169.  Action  current  of  human 
muscle,  p.  1 72 .  Action  current  of  heart ;  the  action 
current  precedes  the  contraction,  p.  174.  Current 
of  action  of  human  heart,  p.  175.  Action  current  of 
nerve,  Experiment  2,  p.  179.  Positive  variation,  p. 
179.  Positive  after  current,  p.  180.  Contrac- 
tion secured  with  a  weaker  stimulus  than  nega- 

2 


18    .  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

tive  variation,  p.  180.  Current  of  action  in  optic 
nerve,  p.  181.  Errors  from  unipolar  stimulation, 
p.  183.  Negative  variation  of  secretion  current,  p. 
184.  Electrotonic  currents,  p.  186.  Negative 
variation  of  electrotonic  currents  ;  positive  varia- 
tion (polarization  increment)  of  polarizing  current, 
p.  188.  The  electrotonic  current  as  a  stimulus,  p. 
191.    Paradoxical  contraction,  p.  191. 

The  Change  in  Form.  —  Eelation  of  strength  of 
stimulus  to  form  of  contraction  wave,  p.  203. 
Influence  of  veratrine  on  the  form  of  the  con- 
traction, p.  208.  Muscle  sound,  Experiments  4 
and  5,  pp.  212-214.  Total  work  done  estimated 
by  muscle  curve,  p.  226.  Extensibility  increased 
in  tetanus,  p.  231.  Fatigue  of  skeletal  muscle  of 
frog,  Experiment  3,  p.  233.  Eatigue  of  human 
skeletal  muscle,  Experiment  2,  p.  234. 

Spinal  Cord  and  Brain  ^ 

The  spinal  cord  a  seat  of  simple  reflexes, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  1.  Influence  of  afferent 
impulses  on  reflex  action,  p.  2.  Threshold  value 
lower  in  end  organ  than  in  nerve  trunk,  Experi- 
ments 1  and  2,  pp.  2  and  3.  Summation  of  affer- 
ent impulses,  p.  3.  Segmental  arrangement  of 
reflex  apparatus.  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  4.  Ee- 
flexes  in  man ;  from  the  skin,  p.  5.  Cornea  reflex, 
p.  5.  Throat  reflex,  p.  6.  Pupil  light-reflex,  p.  6. 
Consensual  reflex,  p.  6.  Accommodation  reflex, 
p.  6.  Knee  jerk,  p.  6.  Ankle  jerk,  p.  7.  Gower's 
experiment,  p.  7.     Effect  of  strychnine  on  reflex 

1  Experiments  for  Harvard  Medical  Students.  Second 
Series,   pp.   1-20. 


THE   FIEST-YEAE   COURSE  19 

action,  p.  8.  Removal  of  cerebral  hemispheres, 
p.  8.  Posture,  "brainless"  frog,  p.  9.  Balancing 
experiment,  p.  10.  Eetinal  reflex,  p.  10.  Croak 
reflex,  p.  10.  Apparent  purpose  in  reflex  action, 
Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  p.  12.  Eeflex  time,  p. 
13.  Reaction  time,  p.  13.  Reaction  time  with 
,  choice,  p.  14.  Inhibition  of  reflexes  through 
peripheral  afferent  nerves,  p.  15.  Inhibition 
through  central  afferent  paths ;  the  optic  lobes. 
Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  1 6.  The  roots  of  spinal 
nerves,  p.  17.  Localization  of  movement  at 
different  levels  of  the  spinal  cord,  p.  18.  Distri- 
bution of  sensory  spinal  nerves,  p.  19.  Muscular 
tonus  ;  Brondgeests's  experiment,  p.  20. 

Sympathetic 
[Experiments  will  be  announced  later.] 

Cutaneous  Sexsatioxs  ^ 

Sensations  of  Temperature.  —  Mapping  of  hot 
and  cold  spots,  p.  21.  Outline,  p.  21.  Mechanical 
stimulation.  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  21.  Chemi- 
cal stimulation,  p.  21.  Electrical  stimulation,  p. 
22.  Temperature  after-sensation,  p.  22.  Balance 
between  loss  and  gain  of  heat,  p.  22.     Fatigue,  p. 

22.  Relation  of  stimulated  area  to  sensation,  p. 

23.  Perception  of  difference,  p.  23.  Relatively 
insensitive  regions,  Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  23 
and  24 

Sensations  of  Pressure  —  Pressure  spots,  p.  24. 
Threshold  value,  p.   24.      Touch   discrimination, 

1  Ibid.,  pp.  21-28. 


20  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  26.  After-sensation  of 
pressure,  p.  27.  Temperature  and  pressure,  p.  27. 
Touch  illusion  ;  Aristotle's  experiment,  p.  28. 

Taste,  Smell,  Hearing 
[Experiments  will  be  announced  later.] 

Physiological  Optics  ^ 

Introduction.  —  Angles  of  incidence  and  reflec- 
tion, p.  1.  Concave  mirrors  ;  principal  focus,  Ex- 
periments 1,  2,  and  3,  pp.  3-5.  Conjugate  foci, 
Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  pp.  5-6.  Virtual  image, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  6-7.  Construction  of 
image  from  concave  mirrors,  p.  7.  Refraction^ 
Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  8-9.  Construction  of 
the  path  of  a  ray  passing  through  a  prism,  p.  11. 
Refraction  by  convex  lenses  ;  principal  focus.  Ex- 
periments 1  and  2,  p.  14.  Estimation  of  principal 
focal  distance,  p.  15.  Conjugate  foci,  p.  16.  Vir- 
tual image,  p.  17.  Construction  of  image  obtained 
with  convex  lens,  p.  17.  Eefraction  by  concave 
lenses,  p.  20.  Refraction  by  segments  of  cylin- 
ders, Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  20-21.  Refrac- 
tion through  combined  convex  and  cvlindrical 
lenses.  Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  22-23.  Spheri- 
cal aberration  by  reflection,  p.  24.  Spherical 
aberration  by  refraction,  Experiments  1,  2,  and  3, 
pp.  25-26.  Dispersion  circles.  Experiments  1  and 
2,  p.  27.  Myopia,  p.  28.  Hypermetropia,  p.  29. 
Chromatic  aberration,  p.  30.     Aberration  avoided 

1  Introduction  to  Physiology,  Part  IV,  Physiological  Optics, 
pp.  1-99. 


THE   FIEST-YEAR    COURSE  21 

by  a  diaphragm,  p.  32.  Numbering  of  prisms, 
p.  33.     Numbering  of  lenses,  p.  38. 

Refraction  in  the  Eye.  —  The  eye  as  a  camera 
obscura,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  35. 

The  Schematic  Eye.  —  Cardinal  points  of  the 
cornea  (^System  A).  Construction  drawing  of 
System  A,  p.  38.  Principal  focal  distances,  p.  39. 
Determination  of  principal  foci  by  construction, 
2,  p.  41.  Construction  of  image,  p.  41.  Cardinal 
points  of  the  crystalline  lens  {System  B).  Construc- 
tion drawing  of  System  B,  p.  43.  Optical  centre, 
p.  44.  Nodal  points,  p.  45.  Principal  surfaces, 
p.  46.  The  point  s,  p.  47.  Principal  points, 
p.  48.  Principal  focal  distances,  p.  48.  The  car- 
dinal points  of  the  eye  {System  C).  Principal 
surfaces,  p.  49.  Nodal  points,  p.  51.  Principal 
foci,  p.  52.  Calculation  of  the  situation  and  size 
of  dioptric  images.  Constructions  1  and  2,  pp. 
54-56.  Eeduced  eye,  p.  56.  Relations  of  the 
visual  axis,  p.  61.  Visual  angle,  p.  62.  Apparent 
size,  p.  62.  Size  of  retinal  image,  p.  63.  Acute- 
ness  of  vision,  p.  63.  Smallest  perceptible  image, 
p.  64.     Measurement  of  visual. acuteness,  p.  64. 

Accommodation,  p.  67.  Scheiner's  experiment, 
p.  67.  Dispersion  circles,  p.  68.  Diameter  of 
circles  of  dispersion,  Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  pp. 
68-70.  Accommodation  line,  p.  70.  Mechanism 
of  accommodation.  Narrowing  of  pupil,  p.  71. 
Eelation  of  iris  to  lens.  Experiments  1  and  2,  pp. 
72-73.  Changes  in  the  lens.  Experiments  1  and 
2,  pp.  73-75.  Measurement  of  accommodation. 
Ear  point,  p.  77.  Determination  of  far  point,  p. 
77.  Near  point,  p.  78.  Determination  of  near 
point,  p.  78.     Kange  of  accommodation,  p.  79. 


22  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

Ophthalmoscopy.  —  Eeflection  from  retina,  Ex- 
periments 1,  2,  3,  and  4,  pp.  82-84.  Influence  of 
angle  between  light  and  visual  axis,  Experiments 

1,  2,  and  3,  pp.  85-86.  Influence  of  size  of  pupil, 
p.  86.  Influence  of  nearness  to  pupil,  p.  ^&. 
Ophthalmoscope,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  87. 
Direct  metliod.     Emmetropia,  Experiments  1  and 

2,  pp.  88-90.  Ametropia ;  qualitative  determina- 
tion, p.  91.  Measurement  of  myopia,  p.  91. 
Measurement  of  hypermetropia,  p.  93.  Measure- 
ment of  astigmatism,  p.  93.  Indirect  metliod, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  94-96. 

Vision,  Digestion,  Absorption,  Lymph,  Blood, 
Secretion,  Eespiration,  Metabolism 

[Experiments  to  be  announced  later.] 

The  Circulation  of  the  Blood  ^ 

Conversion  of  an  intermittent  into  a  continu- 
ous flow.  Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  pp.  244-248. 
The  relation  between  rate  of  flow  and  width  of 
bed,  p.  248.  The  relation  of  peripheral  resistance 
to  blood-pressure,  p.  250.  The  curve  of  arterial 
pressure  in  the  frog,  p.  251.  The  effect  on  blood- 
pressure  of  increasing  the  peripheral  resistance  in 
the  frog,  p.  253.  Changes  in  the  stroke  of  the 
pump  ;  inhibition  of  the  ventricle,  p.  253.  The 
effect  of  inhibition  of  the  heart  on  blood-pressure 
in  the  frog,  p.  254.  The  opening  and  closing  of 
the  valves,  p.  255.  The  period  of  outflow  from 
the  ventricle,  p.  256.    The  visible  change  in  form, 

1  Introduction  to  Physiology,  Part  II,  pp.  239-314. 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  23 

p.  257.  Grapliic  record  of  ventricular  contraction, 
p.  258.  All  contractions  maximal,  p.  258.  Stair- 
case contractions,  p.  259.  The  isolated  apex;  Bern- 
stein's experiment,  p.  259.  Ehythmic  contractility 
of  heart  muscle,  p.  260.  Constant  stimulus  may 
cause  periodic  contraction,  p.  260.  The  inactive 
heart  muscle  still  irritable,  p.  261.  Eefractory 
period;  extra-contraction;  compensatory  pause,  p. 
261.  The  transmission  of  the  contraction  wave  in 
the  ventricle;  Engelmann's  incisions,  p.  262.  The 
transmission  of  the  cardiac  excitation  from  auricle 
to  ventricle ;  Gaskell's  block,  Experiments  1,  2, 
and  3,  pp.  263  and  264.  Tonus,  p.  265.  The  in- 
fluence of  "  load  "  on  ventricular  contraction,  p. 
265.  The  influence  of  temperature  on  frequency 
of  contraction,  p.  266.  The  action  of  sodium,  cal- 
cium, potassium  in  heart  muscle,  pp.  266-268. 
The  heart  sounds.  Experiments  1,  2,  3,  and  4,  pp. 
269-271. 

The  Pressure-Pulse.  —  Frequency,  p.  271.  Hard- 
ness, p.  272.  Form,  p.  272.  Volume,  p.  273. 
The  pressure-pulse  in  the  artificial  scheme,  p.  273. 
The  human  pressure-pulse  curve.  Experiments  1 
and  2,  pp.  274-275.  Low  tension  pressure-pulse, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  277.  Pressure-pulse  in 
aortic  regurgitation,  p.  278.  Stenosis  of  the  aortic 
valve,  p.  279.  Incompetence  of  the  mitral  valve, 
p.  280.     The  volume  pulse,  p.  280. 

The  Innervation  of  the  Heart  and  Blood-Vessels. 
—  Preparation  of  the  sympathetic,  p.  283.  Action 
of  the  sympathetic  on  the  heart,  p.  284.  The 
preparation  of  the  vagus  nerve,  p.  286.  Stimula- 
tion of  cardiac  inhibitory  flbres  in  vagus  trunk,  p. 
287.    Efi'ect  of  vagus  stimulation  on  the  auriculo- 


24  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

ventricular  contraction  interval,  p.  289.  Irrita- 
bility of  the  inhibited  heart,  p.  289.  Intracardiac 
inhibitory  mechanism,  p.  290.  Inhibition  by 
Stanniiis  ligature,  p.  290.  Action  of  nicotine,  p. 
291.  Atropine,  p.  292.  Muscarine,  p.  292.  Antag- 
onistic action  of  muscarine  and  atropine,  p.  292. 
Inhibitory  centre  of  the  heart  nerves,  p.  292. 
Augmentor  centre,  p.  294.  Eeflex  inhibition  of 
the  heart;  Goltz's  experiment,  p.  295.  Eeflex 
augmentation,  p.  296.  The  bulbar  vasomotor 
centre.  Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  296  and  297. 
The  vasomotor  functions  of  the  spinal  cord,  Ex- 
periments 1,  2,  and  3,  p.  298.  Effect  of  destruc- 
tion of  the  spinal  cord  on  the  distribution  of  the 
blood,  p.  299.  The  vasomotor  fibres  leave  the 
cord  in  the  anterior  roots  of  spinal  nerves,  Ex- 
periments 1  and  2,  p.  300.  Vasoconstrictor  fibres 
in  the  sciatic  nerve,  p.  302.  Vasodilator  nerves, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  303.  Eeflex  vasomotor 
actions,  p.  304. 

Apparatus 

A  complete  list  of  the  articles  used  in  the  first- 
year  course,  including  the  additional  experiments, 
page  15,  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix,  pages 
53-61. 

The  desk  assigned  each  pair  of  students  is  155 
cm.  long  and  61  cm.  wide.  A  ledge  7  cm.  high 
guards  the  farther  side.  At  one  end  are  placed 
a  locker  35  cm.  wide,  and  two  drawers ;  a 
single  lock  secures  the  three.  Not  all  the  appa- 
ratus used  in  the  course  can  be  placed  in  the 
locker  and  drawers  at  one  time.     That  used  in 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  25 

the  earlier  chapters  is  issued  first  (see  Appen- 
dix, Form  Gc,  page  62).  From  time  to  time, 
articles  of  the  first  issue  no  longer  in  use  are  re- 
turned to  the  instructors  (see  Appendix,  Form  I, 
page  65). 

The  department  finds  it  advisable  to  maintain 
a  stock  of  apparatus  large  enough  to  enable 
broken  articles  to  be  replaced  at  once  from  the 
reserve.  Thus  the  student  is  not  delayed  Avhile 
repairs  are  making ;  moreover,  the  repairing  for 
the  entire  course  can  then  be  done  in  the  sum- 
mer, after  the  instruction  is  finished.  The  ex- 
pense, per  instrument,  is   thereby  diminished. 

Laboratory  Note-Book 

Each  student  is  required  to  keep  in  a  labora- 
tory note-book  an  account  of  his  own  experiments 
and  observations.  The  details  of  the  experiment 
given  in  the  laboratory  publications  should  of 
course  be  omitted.  Where  the  experiment  in- 
cludes a  graphic  record,  such  as  a  muscle  curve 
or  a  curve  constructed  upon  coordinate  paper,  the 
record  should  be  fastened  in  the  laboratory  note- 
book  with  gummed  paper.  Diagrams  should  be 
employed  whenever  necessary,  but  time  should 
not  be  spent  in  needlessly  detailed  drawing  of 
apparatus.  The  note-books  will  be  collected 
every  Friday  and  examined  by  the  instructors. 

Conference 

The  conferences  are  held  in  Eoom  A  for  half 
an  hour  five  times  a  week  during  fifteen  weeks. 
They  are  devoted  to  questions  and  explanations 


26  PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 

concerning  the  work  of  the  course,  and  are  in  fact 
a  combination  of  recitation  and  lecture.  The 
matters  discussed  are  suggested  by  the  written 
tests  and  by  the  questions  placed  by  the  students 
in  question  boxes,  one  of  which  is  set  in  each 
laboratory. 

Written  Tests 

The  written  tests  are  exercises  of  twenty  min- 
utes' duration,  held  daily  during  fifteen  weeks. 
Two  questions  are  asked,  upon  any  part  of  the 
previous  work.  In  all  cases  the  student  is  re- 
quired to  cite  the  experimental  evidence  for  his 
statement.  The  answers  are  written  upon  ruled 
paper  of  uniform  size,  24.5  x  19.5  cm.,  printed 
as  follows : 

Form  B, 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology. 

Name Date 190 


Desk Room. 


Each  day's  papers  are  filed  in  a  case,  in  which 
a  pigeon-hole  is  provided  for  each  student.  In 
the  same  pigeon-hole  are  placed  in  their  turn 
the  student's  thesis,  laboratory  note-book,  and 
final  examination  papers,  constituting  a  complete 
record  of  his  work. 

The  written  tests  form,  a  most  valuable  method 
of  instruction.  They  teach  the  student  to  state 
with  precision  and  brevity  the  experimental  evi- 
dence for  many  of  the  fundamental  conclusions 


THE   HRST-YEAE   COURSE  27 

in  physiology.  At  the  close  of  the  first  month  of 
instruction  men  wliose  work  the  written  tests 
show  to  be  poor  are  personally  consulted  regard- 
ing their  difficulties,  often  to  their  great  benefit. 

The  following  questions  illustrate  the  written 
tests : 

State  experiments  to  prove  where  stimulation 
begins  on  closure  of  the  galvanic  current.  Ex- 
plain the  difference  between  the  stimulating  elec- 
trodes and  the  physiological  anode  and  cathode 
in  stimulation  of  human  nerves.  What  is  the 
reaction  of  defeneration  ?  What  chemical  chanojes 
take  place  in  dying  muscle  ?  Draw  the  curve  ex- 
pressing the  absolute  force  of  muscle  from  the 
beginning  to  the  end  of  the  phase  of  rising  energy 
and  state  how  it  is  obtained.  Mark  on  the  intra- 
ventricular pressure-curve  the  moment  of  open- 
ing and  closing  of  the  mitral  and  aortic  valves. 
Give  the  experimental  basis  for  an  explanation 
of  the  auriculo-ventricular  interval.  Describe  the 
action  of  the  vagus  nerve  upon  the  heart.  Give 
evidence  to  show  that  afferent  impulses  are  trans- 
mitted by  the  posterior  roots  of  spinal  nerves. 
What  evidence  is  there  that  the  fibres  passing 
through  the  white  ramus  communicans  arborize 
about  a  sympathetic  cell  ?  Cite  experiments  to 
prove  that  the  crystalline  lens  changes  its  shape 
in  accommodation.  Give  evidence  that  the  semi- 
circular canals  are  concerned  in  equilibrium. 
State  the  evidence  for  the  existence  of  hot  and 
cold  "  spots "  on  the  skin.  State  the  difference 
between  voice  and  tone.  Give  a  brief  account 
of  the  digestion  of  fat.  Give  proof  of  the  exist- 
ence  of   internal  secretion.     What   proof  exists 


28  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

that  haemoglobin  and  oxygen  are  in  loose  chem- 
ical combination  in  the  blood  ?  How  may  a 
nitrogen  equilibrium  he  established  ? 

Special  Demonstrations 

A  special  demonstration  is  given  every  Satur- 
day during  fifteen  weeks.  The  subjects  during 
1902  will  be  as  follows : 

Feh.    15.    (1)  Surface  tension  altered  by  electrical 
energy. 
(2)  Extra  currents  at  the  opening  and 
closing  of  the  primary  current. 
March  1.    Eeaction  of  degeneration  in  man. 
"       8.    Action  current  of  the  human  heart. 
"     15.    Electromotive  properties  of  an  "arti- 
ficial nerve." 
"     22.    (1)  The  action  of  the  sympathetic  on 
the  smooth  muscle  of  the  hairs. 
(2)  The   pigeon    deprived    of   cerebral 
hemispheres. 
"     29.    Stimulation  of  the  cerebral  cortex. 
April    5.    The  pigeon  with  severed  external  semi- 
circular canals. 
"     12.    The  innervation  of  the  sphincter  of  the 

iris. 
"     26.    Movements  of  the  stomach  and  intes- 
tines. 
May      3.    The  flow  of  lymph  from  the  thoracic 
duct. 
"     10.   The  action  of  the  chorda  tympani  and 
the  sympathetic  nerves  on  secretion 
by  the  submaxillary  gland. 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  29 

May    17.    The  action  of  the  vagus  and  the  supe- 
rior laryngeal  nerves  upon  the   re- 
spiratory movements. 
"      24.    (1)  The  action  of  the  valves  in  the  ox 
heart. 
(2)  The  inhibition  of  the  mammalian 
heart. 
"      31.    (1)  The  action  of  the  depressor  nerve 
upon  the  vasomotor  centre. 
(2)  The  vasomotor  fibres  in  the  cervi- 
cal sympathetic. 

The  demonstrations  are  made  to  not  more  than 
ten  students  at  one  time.  Care  is  taken  that 
every  student  shall  see  the  experiments  clearly. 

Eecitations 

Two  recitations  are  given  weekly  during  fifteen 
weeks ;  for  one  of  these  the  class  is  divided  into 
sections,  each  in  charge  of  one  instructor.  The 
recitations  are  not  examinations ;  their  only  pur- 
pose is  instruction.  The  questions  are  asked 
in  an  order  that  will  systematically  develop  the 
subject  treated. 


Theses  axd  the  Eeading  of  Investigations 

Each  student  is  required  to  write  a  physiologi- 
cal thesis,  the  material  for  which  must  be  taken 
directly  from  the  report  of  the  original  investi- 
gators. The  subjects  chosen  are  as  a  rule  such 
as  will  supplement  the  instruction  given  in  other 


30  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

ways.     In  1902  fifty-six  theses  will  be  discussed 
by  the  class. 

Before  the  beginning  of  the  course  the  follow- 
ing letter  of  instructions  is  addressed  to  each 
student : 

Form  C. 

INSTRUCTIONS  FOR   THESIS 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiologt, 

Boston,  February  1,  1902. 
Deak  Sir  :  — 

In  the  first-year  course  in  physiolog}^, 
each  student  is  required  to  write  a  physiological 
thesis,  the  material  for  which  must  be  taken  directly 
from  the  original  investigations.  As  many  of  the 
investigations  are  in  German  or  French,  you  are 
requested  to  state  upon  the  enclosed  card  (Form 
D)  whether  you  can  read  one  or  both  of  these  lan- 
guages. On  pages  33-37  of  the  pamphlet  entitled 
"Physiology  at  Harvard"  you  will  find  a  list  of  sub- 
jects for  theses  which  will  be  discussed  by  the  class 
in  1902,  and  a  second  list  of  subjects  for  theses  to  be 
written  but  not  discussed  during  the  present  year. 
Your  record  during  your  first  term  in  the  Medical 
School  assigns  you  to  the  { second  1  ^^^^'  ^'^^^  weeks 
before  your  thesis  is  due,  you  will  receive  an 
envelope  bearing  the  subject  of  the  thesis  and 
containing  a  reference  card.  Upon  one  side  of  the 
card  is  a  list  of  the  investigations  on  the  subject  of 
the  thesis  ;  upon  the  other,  a  list  of  the  chief  phys- 
iological journals  and  the  names  of  the  Boston  and 
Cambridge  libraries  which  contain  them.  Further 
information  may  be  had  from  the  '^  List  of  peri- 
odicals, etc.,  in  the  principal  libraries  of  Boston 
and  vicinity,"  published   by  the  Trustees  of  the 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  31 

Boston  Public  Library.  Your  receipt  for  the  refer- 
ence card  will  be  taken  (Form  E).  The  card  must 
be  returned  when  the  thesis  is  handed  in.  Your 
assistance  in  the  correction  of  errors  and  omissions 
in  the  references  will  be  much  appreciated. 

The  thesis  should  not  exceed  two  thousand 
words.  It  should  be  written  with  ink  in  a  Physio- 
logical Thesis  Book.  Every  statement  not  the 
writer's  own  must  be  accompanied  by  a  reference 
to  the  original  source,  giving  author's  name,  name 
of  journal  or  title  of  book,  year  of  publication, 
number  of  volume,  and  the  page  upon  which  the 
statement  appears.  The  thesis  should  begin  with 
a  brief  outline  of  the  problem  and  the  way  in 
which  investigators  have  attacked  it,  and  should 
end  with  a  summary  of  the  results  attained. 

Students  whose  rank  entitles  them  to  read  theses 
will  also  be  required  to  acquaint  themselves  with 
one  investigation  upon  each  of  three  other  subjects 
in  the  list  to  be  discussed  by  the  class.  The  refer- 
ences for  these  will  be  found  upon  Form  E,  in  the 
envelope  containing  the  references  for  the  thesis. 
Each  thesis  subject,  therefore,  will  be  studied  in 
full  by  the  author  of  the  thesis  and  in  part  by 
three  disputants.  When  the  thesis  is  read,  the 
three  students  who  have  each  prepared  one  investi- 
gation upon  that  subject  will  open  the  discussion. 

Very  truly  yours, 

W.     T.     PORTEK. 

Form  I). 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

BOSTOX, 

Deak  Sir  :  — 

I  j^^^''*}  read  French  and  German.  My  prefer- 
ence of  subjects  for  a  thesis  is  as  follows : 


32 


PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 


1 

2 

3 

Very  truly  yours, 


Form  E. 

Haevard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

Boston,  February  3,  1902. 

I  have  received  this  day  the  references  for  the 
thesis  on 

This  thesis,  together  with  the  reference  card,  is 
to  be  delivered  to  Professor  W.  T.  Porter  not  later 
than 

I  have  also  been  assigned  the  following  inves- 
tigations to  be  prepared  for  discussion  upon  the 
designated  days. 


Date. 


Subject. 


(Signed). 


This  receipt  is  issued  iu  duplicate.     The  student  will  retain 
one  copy. 


March 

.  18. 

(( 

19. 

(( 

20. 

IC 

21. 

(( 

22. 

(C 

25. 

C( 

26. 

ii 

27. 

i( 

28. 

u 

29. 

April 

1. 

i( 

2. 

ii 

3. 

(I 

4. 

ii 

5. 

ii 

8. 

i( 

9. 

ii 

10. 

it 

11. 

ii 

12. 

a 

22. 

a 

23. 

a 

24. 

li 

25. 

a 

26. 

ii 

29. 

li 

30. 

May 

1. 

TtlE    FIRST-YEAR    COURSE  33 

Theses  to  be  Discussed  ix  1902 

The  functions  of  the  cell  nucleus. 

Phagocytosis. 

Influence  of  light  on  protoplasm. 

Cheniotaxis. 

Bacteria  in  health. 

Nature  of  the  nerve  impulse. 

Nature  of  muscular  contractility. 

Ciliated  epithelium. 

Nerve  cells  in  rest  and  activity. 

Trophic  nerves. 

Cross-suturing  of  nerves. 

Sensory  areas  in  the  cortex  of  the 
brain. 

Aphasia. 

Eeflexes  from  sympathetic  ganglia. 

Nerve-cell  connections  of  the  splanch- 
nic nerves. 

Cerebral  activity  and  circulation. 

The  neuron  theory. 

Accommodation  of  the  eye. 

Color  blindness. 

Function  of  the  semicircular  canals. 

Functions  of  the  epiglottis. 

Vowel  sounds. 

Muscle  leverage. 

Deglutition. 

Movements  of  the  stomach. 

Autodigestion  of  the  stomach. 

Digestion  of  enemata. 

(1)  Absorption  of  fat. 

(2)  Absorption  from  the  peritoneal 
cavity. 


34  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVAED 

May        2.     (1)  Origin  of  lymph. 
(2)  (Edema. 
"         3.     (1)  Origin  and  fate  of  the  red  cor- 
puscles. 
(2)  Haemorrhage  and   the  regenera- 
tion of  the  blood. 
"         6.     Transfusion  of  blood. 
"  7.     (1)  Fibrin  ferment. 

(2)  Physiological     effects     of     high 
altitudes. 
"  8.     Gland  cells  in  rest  and  activity. 

"         9.     Secretion    of   foreign    substances   in 

milk. 
"        10.     Excretion  of  urea. 
"        13.     Internal  secretion  of  the  pancreas. 
"        14.     Vicarious  function. 
"        15.     Alcohol  as  food  and  stimulant. 
"        16.     Respiratory  exchange  in  the  lungs. 
"        17.     Cause  of  the  heart-beat. 
"       20.     (1)  Negative   pressure   in    the   ven- 
tricles. 
(2)  The    effects    of    closure    of    the 
coronary  arteries. 
"       21.     Origin  of  glycogen. 
"        22.     Origin  of  urea. 

23.     (1)  Heat  regulation. 
(2)  Fever. 
"        24.     Hibernation. 
"       27.     (1)  Depressor  nerve. 

(2)  Vascular  conditions  during  sleep. 
"       28.     (1)  Vasomotor  nerves  of  the  lungs. 

(2)  Massage. 
"       29.     Artificial  parthenogenesis. 


the  first-year  course  35 

Theses  to  be  Writtex  but  jSTot  Discussed 
IX  1902 

Nature  of  voluntary  muscle  contraction. 

Muscle  twitch  and  tetanus. 

Muscle  tonicity. 

Smooth  muscle. 

Muscle  work. 

Influence  of  heat  on  muscle. 

Muscle  fatigue. 

Heat  production  in  nerves. 

Rate  of  nerve  impulse. 

Chemical  stimulation  of  nerve. 

Nerve  degeneration  and  regeneration. 

Neuromuscular  spindles. 

Efferent  nerve  fibres  in  posterior  roots. 

Localization  of  neurons. 

Functions  of  the  bile. 

Cause  of  death  by  electric  currents. 

Knee  jerk. 

Inhibition. 

Absorption  of  proteids. 

Skin  absorption. 

Influence  of  nerves  on  intestinal  absorption. 

Phenomena  of  agglutination. 

Estimation  of  haemoglobin  in  blood. 

Specific  gravity  of  blood. 

Secretion  of  foreign  substances  in  milk. 

Relation  of  diuresis  to  the  circulation  in  the 
kidney. 

Relations  between  the  functions  of  the  spleen 
and  the  pancreas. 

Internal  secretion  of  the  thyroid  gland. 

Heat  production  in  glands. 

Mode  of  action  of  diuretics. 


o 


6  PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 


Water  excretion  by  the  skin. 

Internal  secretion  of  the  kidney. 

Secretion  of  bile. 

Diuretic  action  of  sodium  chloride. 

Innervation  of  salivary  glands. 

Physiological  albuminuria. 

Function  of  the  supra-renal  capsules. 

Tea  and  coffee. 

Male  and  female  respiratory  movements. 

Cause  of  the  first  respiration. 

Carbon  dioxide  excretion  by  skin. 

The  relation  between  high  temperature  and 
rapid  respiration. 

Cause  of  death  after  vagus  section. 

Poisoning  by  carbon  monoxide. 

Effects  of  compression  of  one  lung  on  respira- 
tory exchange. 

Seat  of  respiration  in  the  body. 

First  heart  sound. 

Eelation  between  the  heart-beat  and  the  con- 
stituents of  the  blood. 

Coordination  of  the  heart-beat. 

The  action  of  the  auriculo-ventricular  valves. 

Venous  pulse. 

Fibrillary  contractions  of  heart. 

Intra-auricular  pressure. 

Semilunar  valves. 

Pulse  curve. 

Voluntary  control  of  heart. 

Active  diastole  of  heart. 

Physiology  of  the  embryonic  heart. 

Influence  of  gravity  on  the  circulation. 

Action  of  the  vagus  nerve  on  heart. 

Vasodilator  nerves. 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  37 

Vasomotor  nerves  of  the  brain. 
Accelerator  nerve  of  heart. 
Vasomotor  nerves  of  intestine. 
Cerebral  circulation  and  intra-cranial  pressure. 
Vasomotor  nerves  of  muscle. 
Venomotor  nerves. 
Income  and  outgo  of  iron. 
Coloring  matters  of  the  body. 
Eelation  between  the  activity  of  muscle  and 
its  metabolism. 
Phosphorescence. 
Origin  of  uric  acid. 
Origin  of  the  oxalic  acid  of  the  urine. 
Metabolism  in  nerve  cells. 
The  effect  of  varnishing  the  skin. 
Compressed  air. 

The  effect  of  increase  in  the  oxygen  tension. 
Effect  of  meals  on  nitrogen  content  of  urine. 
Nitrogen  equilibrium. 
Syntheses  in  animal  body. 
Eelation  of  urea  excretion  to  muscle  work. 
Mechanism  and  innervation  of  the  spleen. 
Nitrogen  excretion  by  the  skin. 
Nature  of  sugar  in  blood. 
Eeo^eneration  of  ors^ans. 
Eelation  between  foetal  pulse  and  sex. 

Lectures 

The  accessory  data  not  alrea'dy  provided  in  the 
laboratory  work  upon  muscle  and  nerve,  the  cir- 
culation, and  physiological  optics  will  be  given 
in  the  conferences  held  during  the  experiments 
upon  those  subjects.  The  distribution  of  the  re- 
maininsj  didactic  exercises  is  shown  in  the  accom- 
panying  calendar. 


38 


PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVAKD 
CALENDAR 


Date. 

Ststesiatic 

Laboratory 

Date. 

19U2. 

Lectukes. 

Experiments. 

1902. 

Feb.    8- 

Muscle  and  nerve. 

Muscle  and  nerve. 

Feb.    8- 
Mar.  14 

*"   '17 

Spinal  cord  and  brain. 

Spinal  cord  and  brain. 

"     17 

"     18 

"              " 

"             " 

"      18 

"      19 

(.              « 

"             " 

"      19 

"     20 

«<              it 

"             " 

"      20 

"     21 

"              " 

"             " 

"     21 

"     24 

<<                    n 

"             " 

"     24 

"     25 

"                " 

«             « 

"     25 

"     26 

"                 " 

Cutaneous  sensations. 

"     26 

"     27 

"                " 

"               " 

"     27 

"      28 

"                " 

Taste,  smell,  hearing. 

"      28 

"      31 

"                 " 

«         <i           ti 

"      31 

Apr.    1 

Sympathetic. 

<i         «           <i 

Apr.    1 

"       2 

Cutaneous  sensations. 

Physiological  optics. 

2 

"       3 

Taste  and  smell. 

"               " 

"       3 

"       4 

Hearing. 

"               " 

"       4 

"       7 

" 

"               " 

"       7 

"       8 

" 

«               t< 

"       8 

"       9 

Vision. 

Vision. 

"       9 

"      10 

" 

" 

"     10 

"      11 

" 

" 

"     11 

Recess 

Recess 

Apr.  21 

Vision. 

Vision. 

Apr.  21 

"     22 

Voice. 

Digestion,  absorption, 
lymph,  blood,  se- 
cretion,     respira- 
tion, metabolism. 

'•     22 

"     23 

Speech. 

"                 " 

"     23 

"     24 

Locomotion. 

"                 " 

"     24 

"     25 
"     28 

Digestion  and  absorption. 

it                               n 

"     25 
"     28 

"     29 

i<                 " 

«                « 

"     29 

"     30 

(1                « 

<(                                      4« 

"     30 

May    1 
"       2 
"       5 

Lymph  and  blood. 

it                              ts 

May    1 

"       2 

<i          <i 

« 

"       5 

"       6 

Secretion. 

"                                      " 

"       6 

"       7 
"       8 
"       9 
"     12 

\\ 

Circulation. 

"       7 
"       8 
"       9 
"      12 

" 

<( 

"      13 

iSTutrition,  diet. 

" 

"      13 

"      14 

" 

•'      14 

"      15 

Respiration. 

" 

"      15 

"      16 

'• 

" 

"      16 

"      19 

" 

'• 

"      19 

"     20 

"                        [heat. 

" 

"      20 

"     21 

Metabolism  andfinimal 

" 

"     21 

"     22 

"                     " 

tt 

"      22 

"     23 

«                     It 

"■ 

"     23 

"     26 

11                     << 

" 

"     26 

"      27 

Reproduction. 

" 

«     27 

■•'     28 

" 

" 

"     28 

"     29 

'< 

" 

"     29 

"     30 

Holiday. 

Holiday. 

"     30 

June  2 

Practical  examination. 

June  2 

"      3 

"                 " 

"      3 

"      4 

"                 " 

"      4 

"      5 

"                 " 

"      5 

"      6 

"      6 

THE   riKST-YEAE   COURSE  39 

The  calendar  shows  that  the  lectures  are  de- 
livered after  the  subject  of  the  lecture  has  been 
studied  in  the  laboratory.  The  lectures  accord- 
ingly are  not  elementary.  The  elements  the 
student  has  already  learned  from  his  own  ex- 
periments and  their  accessory  data.  It  is  the 
function  of  the  lecturer"  to  discuss  the  student's 
observations  and  to  collate  them  with  the  work 
of  other  observers.  The  lectures  are  held  at 
nine  o'clock,  the  hour  most  favorable  for  this 
purpose.  They  are  of  thirty  minutes'  duration. 
Experience  shows  that  a  carefully  planned  lec- 
ture of  thirty  minutes  may  be  as  effective  as  one 
of  forty-five  or  sixty  minutes. 

Optional  Lectures 

During  the  afternoons  of  May  optional  lectures 
are  given.  The  majority  of  these  are  discussions 
of  original  investigations  which  the  lecturer  him- 
self  has  made.  Of  thirty  seven  optional  lectures 
given  in  1900-1901,  twenty-seven  were  of  this 
nature.     The  list  for  1902  is  as  follows: 


May 


.     At  3 

P.M. 

1 

Prof. 

Bowditch. 

Growth. 

2 

c< 

Cl 

<( 

5 

i( 

i( 

Locomotion. 

6 

(( 

(( 

« 

7 

a 

(( 

<( 

8 

<( 

u 

Physiology  of  the 

larynx. 

9 

tc 

(C 

Physiology  of  the 

larynx 

40  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

May  12     Prof.  Bowditcli.     Physiology  of  vision. 

<f  -1    O  II  (C  U  CI  IC 


14 

(( 

(C 

«           ((      (( 

15 

i( 

l( 

tt                            li                K 

16 

a 

u 

((                            CI                (C 

19 

Dr. 

Cannon. 

Movement  of  the  food 
in  the  oesophagus 
and  stomach. 

20 

a 

<c 

Movement  of  the  food 
in  the  intestines. 

21 

(( 

(I 

Directive  influence  of 
light  on  organisms. 

22 

(C 

(C 

Cerebral  pressure. 

23 

Dr. 

Lillie. 

Influence  of  salt  solu- 
tions upon  certain 
forms  of  vital  activ- 
ity, especially  cili- 
ary and  muscular 
movements. 

26 

Dr. 

Opitz. 

The  viscosity  of  the 
blood. 

At  2 

P.M. 

May  15     Prof.  Porter.  Path    of    respiratory 

im-pulse. 

"16         "  "  Eelation    of  physical 

development  to  suc- 
cess in  public  school 
life. 

"     19        "  "  Eesultofclosureofthe 

coronary  arteries. 

"20        "  "  Pilling  of  the  heart. 

"     21        "  "  New  method  for  study 

of  intracardiac  pres- 
sure. 


THE   FIRST-YEAR    COURSE  41 

May  22     Prof.  Porter.  Cause  of   the   heart- 

beat. 

"     23        "  "  Influence  of  the  heart- 

beat on  the  flow  of 
blood  through  the 
walls  of  the  heart. 

«     26        "  "  The  pulse. 

Special  Experimental  Work 

During  the  last  two  weeks  of  the  course  stu- 
dents who  have  performed  the  regular  laboratory 
work  with  distinction  may  elect  to  perform  special 
experimental  work.  Each  student  is  provided 
with  a  sufficiently  circumscribed  subject,  the  ori- 
ginal sources,  a  method,  and  the  necessary  appa- 
ratus. With  this  careful  preparation,  many  of 
the  fundamental  discoveries  in  the  subject  chosen 
may  be  repeated  and  the  general  plan  of  work 
pursued  by  all  students  of  biological  science 
acquired. 

Examinations 

In  order  to  receive  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine  the  student  must  have  demonstrated 
to  the  Department  of  Physiology  that  his  train- 
ing in  this  subject  is  satisfactory.  The  character 
of  the  student's  work  during  the  four  months  of 
his  instruction  counts  materially  toward  his  final 
grade.  At  the  end  of  the  term  two  formal  ex- 
aminations are  held,  one  of  which  is  practical, 
while  the  second  is  written.  Candidates  failing 
in  the  June  examination  may  be  re-examined  in 
September.      The    practical    examination,   as   is 


42  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

natural  in  an  experimental  science,  grows  in 
importance  each  year.  In  June,  1901,  the  stu- 
dent was  required  to  perform  four  out  of  six 
experiments  assigned  him  by  lot.  He  was  ex- 
amined during  two  half-days,  receiving  each  day 
three  experiments,  from  which  he  must  choose 
two.  The  character  of  this  test  will  be  under- 
stood from  the  following  instructions  to  students 
and  the  list  of  experiments  assigned  in  the  last 
examination. 

Departmeistt  of  Physiology,  Practical 
Examination,  June  3,  4,  5,  6,  1901 

NOTICE 

Each  student  will  perform  four  of  the  six  ex- 
periments bearing  his  number.  In  each  case  he 
Avill  write  on  one  of  the  blank  forms  furnished 
herewith  the  problem  selected  and  an  account  of 
his  results.  Necessary  apparatus  not  already  in 
the  locker  may  be  obtained  by  presenting  a  signed 
requisition.  Where  the  results  of  the  experiment 
are  not  expressed  in  a  graphic  record,  they  must 
be  demonstrated  to  one  of  the  instructors,  who  will 
then  countersign  the  student's  account  of  the  ex- 
periment. Graphic  records  must  be  marked  plainly 
with  the  student's  name,  placed  in  a  shellacking- 
frame,  and,  at  the  close  of  the  student's  work, 
handed  to  one  of  the  Staff,  together  with  all  three 
of  the  problems  suggested.  JSTo  student  may  leave 
his  desk  until  his  examination  is  finished. 


THE   FIRST-YEAR    COURSE  43 


PRACTICAL  EXAMINATION  IN  PHYSIOLOGY 

[^Each  student  is  required  to  make  four  of  the  six  experi- 
ments bearing  his  number,  and  to  write  an  account  of  his 
observations  on  the  blank  furnished  herewith.  Where  the 
results  of  the  experiments  are  not  expressed  in  a  graphic 
record,  they  must  be  demonstrated  to  the  instructor.] 

1.  Demonstrate  polar  stimulation  by  the  gah'^anic 
current.  Show  the  vasomotor  functions  of  the  spi- 
nal cord.  Demonstrate  the  inhibition  of  reflex 
action  in  the  frog.  Furnish  experimental  evidence 
for  an  explanation  of  the  auriculo-ventricular  in- 
terval. Prove  that  the  galvanic  current  stimulates 
during  the  whole  time  of  its  passage  through  an 
irritable  tissue.  Demonstrate  the  influence  of  load 
on  ventricular  contraction. 

2.  Show  by  diagram  the  method  of  determin- 
ing the  size  of  a  retinal  image.  Demonstrate  that 
the  nervous  impulse  must  pass  to  the  central  ner- 
vous system  before  it  can  produce  a  reflex  action. 
Demonstrate  the  difference  in  the  physiology  of 
smooth  and  striated  muscles.  Prove  the  existence 
of  tonic  contraction  of  muscle.  Demonstrate  the 
current  of  action  in  muscle  or  nerve.  Give  experi- 
mental evidence  that  the  vagus  connects  with  the 
nerve  cells  in  the  heart. 

3.  Show  the  function  of  the  anterior  spinal  nerve- 
roots.  Record  with  the  artificial  scheme  pulse 
curves  of  low  arterial  tension  and  high  arterial 
tension,  and  discuss  their  method  of  production. 
Construct  a  diagram  showing  the  formation  of  the 
image  in  myopia.  Prove  that  the  extensibility  of 
muscle  is  increased  in  tetanus.  Demonstrate  the 
limits  of  the  refractory  period  and  the  existence 
of  the  compensatory  pause.  Prove  that  the  demar- 
cation current  (current  of  injury)  may  act  as  a 
stimulus. 


44  PHYSIOLOGY    AT    HARVARD 

4.  Show  the  effect  of  inhibition  of  the  heart  on 
arterial  pressure  in  the  frog.  Demonstrate  on 
muscle  the  different  effect  of  sudden  and  of  gradual 
increase  in  intensity  of  stimulus.  Prove  the  dis- 
continuous nature  of  tetanic  contraction.  Show 
the  influence  of  temperature  on  the  form  of  the 
contraction  wave  of  skeletal  muscle.  Produce 
evidence  that  irritability  is  separable  from  conduc- 
tivity. Show  that  the  control  of  movements  is 
localized  at  different  levels  of  the  spinal  cord. 

5.  Determine  the  effect  of  stimulation  of  the 
vagus  on  the  beat  of  the  ventricle.  Show  that  all 
contractions  of  heart  muscle  are  maximal.  Give 
experimental  evidence  that  a  nerve  fibre  may  con- 
duct impulses  in  both  directions.  Show  that  a 
constant  stimulus  may  cause  periodic  contraction. 
Show  the  influence  of  fatigue  on  muscular  contrac- 
tion. Draw  a  construction  showing  the  formation 
of  the  image  in  the  indirect  method  of  observing 
the  retina. 

6.  Show  the  action  of  the  sympathetic  on  the 
heart.  Demonstrate  the  spreading  of  impulses  in 
the  central  nervous  system.  Eecord  curves  show- 
ing the  influence  of  changes  in  the  aortic  pressure 
on  the  interval  between  the  beginning  of  ventricu- 
lar contraction  and  the  opening  of  the  semilunar 
valves  (in  the  artificial  scheme).  Show  the  seg- 
mental arrangement  of  the  reflex  apparatus.  Con- 
struct a  diagram  showing  the  formation  of  the 
image  in  hypermetropia.  Show  the  influence  of 
an  increase  in  peripheral  resistance  on  the  blood 
pressure  in  the  frog. 

7.  Demonstrate  that  the  cardiac  systole  is  a 
simple  contraction.  Show  the  influence  of  load 
on  the  work  done  by  skeletal  muscle.  Show  where 
the  more  complicated  coordinated  reflex  acts  have 
their  centres.       Prove  the  independent  irritability 


THE    FIRST-YEAR    COURSE  45 

of  muscle.  Show  experimental  proof  of  the  law 
of  contraction  with  weak,  medium,  and  strong 
ascending  currents.  Make  a  record  of  minimal 
and  maximal  stimulation  and  show  the  effect  of 
summation. 

8.  Show  evidence  that  the  ventricular  contrac- 
tion wave  may  be  transmitted  by  muscular  tissue. 
Prove  that  the  excitability  of  a  nerve  is  altered  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  anode  and  the  cathode 
during  the  passage  of  the  galvanic  current.  Se- 
cure a  record  of  the  effect  of  duration  of  stimulus 
on  smooth  muscle.  Compare  an  isometric  contrac- 
tion with  an  isotonic  contraction.  Obtain  from  the 
artificial  scheme  of  the  circulation  a  characteristic 
pulse  curve  of  aortic  regurgitation  and  explain  its 
production.  Demonstrate  and  discuss  the  apparent 
purpose  in  reflex  action. 

The  character  of  the  written  examination  will 
be  evident  upon  reading  the  following  papers  : 

September,  1900 
[[Answer  any  four  questions,  but  not  more  than  four.] 

1.  Describe  the  coagulation  of  either  blood  or 
milk,  stating  both  the  physical  and  cheniical 
phenomena. 

2.  Describe  and  draw  an  artificial  scheme  upon 
which  the  physical  phenomena  of  the  circulation 
of  the  blood  can  be  demonstrated. 

3.  Give  experimental  evidence  to  show  how  the 
tetanic  contraction  of  muscle  is  produced. 

4.  Describe  fully  the  interchange  between  the 
air  in  the  alveoli  and  the  gases  in  the  blood. 

5.  Give  the  complete  course  of  any  one  of  the 
ascending  or  descending  tracts  in  the  central 
nervous  system. 


46  PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 

(3.  Give  experiments  establishing  the  importance 
of  any  one  of  the  internal  secretions. 

June,  1901 

[^Answer  auy  four  questions,  but  not  more  than  four.  The 
answer  to  any  one  question  should  not  exceed  three  hundred 
words. 3 

1.  Draw  curves  showing  the  changes  of  pressure 
in  the  auricle,  ventricle,  and  aorta  from  the  begin- 
ning of  one  auricular  contraction  to  the  beginning 
of  the  next.     Add  brief  explanatory  notes. 

2.  Give  an  account  of  the  physiology  of  smooth 
muscle. 

3.  Discuss  the  chemistry  of  respiration. 

4.  Draw  the  motor  area  of  the  cortex  and  give 
evidence  in  support  of  the  theory  of  cortical 
localization. 

5.  Write  a  sketch  of  the  physiology  of  absorption. 

September,  1901 

{^Answer  any  three  questions,  but  not  more  than  three.  The 
answer  to  any  one  question  must  not  exceed  three  hundred 
words.  Mention,  where  possible,  experimental  evidence  in 
support  of  your  opinion.  Matter  not  bearing  directly  on  the 
question  asked  will  count  against  the  writer.^ 

1.  Give  an  account  of  the  physiology  of  fer- 
ments. 

2.  Describe  the  principal  conducting  paths  in  the 
spinal  cord. 

3.  Give  a  general  description  of  the  vasomotor 
nervous  system. 

4.  State  experiments  in  support  of  a  theory  of 
accommodation  in  the  eye. 


THE   ADVANCED    COUESE  47 


HI 

THE  ADVANCED  COURSE 

Students  in  the  fourth  year  of  the  Medical 
School  may  elect  advanced  instructiou,  at  present 
consisting  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  hours  of 
laboratory  study,  in  any  held  of  physiology.  It 
is  to  be  presumed  that  such  students  desire  ad- 
ditional work  in  physiology  to  fit  them  for 
some  special  field  of  medicine,  for  example  the 
diseases  of  the  nervous  system  ;  or  they  may  wish 
to  pursue  physiology,  pathology,  or  some  other 
biological  science  as  a  profession.  They  will  be 
received  into  the  research  laboratories  of  the 
department,  and  will  carry  on  their  studies  side 
by  side  with  the  members  of  the  Staff.  The 
work  will  consist  of  fundamental  experiments, 
the  study  of  accessory  data,  and  the  reading  of 
selected  original  investigations.  The  student 
will  be  guided  by  personal  conferences  with  the 
professor  in  charge,  and,  if  desirable,  by  informal 
lectures.  He  may  also  attend  the  optional  lec- 
tures given  in  May  (see  page  39),  in  which  each 
member  of  the  Staff  discusses  the  subjects  which 
he  has  himself  investigated. 

This  course  counts  toward  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine,  and  an  examination,  largely  practical, 
will  be  required. 


48  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 


IV 

PHYSIOLOGICAL  RESEARCH 

The  laboratories  are  open  at  all  times  to  stu- 
dents qualified  to  undertake  research.  The  fol- 
lowing investigations  have  been  published  during 
the  past  six  years : 

1896 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  The  vasomotor  nerves  of  the 
heart.  Boston  medical  and  surgical  journal, 
1896,  cxxxiv,  pp.  39,  40. 

Porter.  W.  T.  :  Weiteres  liber  den  Yerschluss 
der  Coronararterien  ohne  mechauische  Yerlet- 
zung.  Centralblatt  ftir  Physiologic,  1896,  ix, 
pp.  641-647. 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  The  use  of  aiithropometrical  meas- 
urements in  schools.  Educational  review, 
1896,  pp.  126-133. 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  Further  researches  on  the  closure 
of  the  coronary  arteries.  Journal  of  experi- 
mental medicine,  1896,  i,  pp.  46-70. 

Portp:r,  W.  T.  :  A  new  method  for  the  study  of 
the  intracardiac  pressure  curve.  Journal  of 
experimental  medicine,  1896,  i,  pp.  296-303. 

1897 

Magrath,  J.  B.,  and  H.  Kennedy  :  On  the  relation 
of  the  volume  of  the  coronary  circulation  to 
the  frequency  and  force  of  the  venticular  con- 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   EESEAECH  49 

traction  in  the  isolated  heart  of  the  cat.  Jour- 
nal of  experimental  medicine,  1897,  ii,  pp.  13- 
31. 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  1.  On  the  cause  of  the  heart-beat. 
2.  The  recovery  of  the  heart  from  fibrillary 
contractions.  3.  Note  on  the  relation  between 
the  beat  of  the  ventricle  and  the  flow  of  blood 
through  the  coronary  arteries.  Journal  of  the 
Boston  Society  of  the  Medical  Sciences,  1897, 
i,  pp.  15-21. 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  On  the  cause  of  the  heart-beat. 
Journal  of  experimental  medicine,  1897,  ii, 
pp.  391-404. 

1898 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  The  recovery  of  the  heart  from 
fibrillary  contractions.  American  journal  of 
physiology,  1898,  i,  pp.  71-82. 

Pratt,  F.  H.  :  The  nutrition  of  the  heart  through 
the  vessels  of  Thebesius  and  the  coronary  veins. 
American  journal  of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp. 
86-103. 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  The  influence  of  the  heart-beat  on 
the  flow  of  blood  through  the  walls  of  the  heart. 
American  journal  of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp. 
145-163. 

Hyde,  I.  H. :  The  effect  of  distention  of  the  ven- 
tricle on  the  flow  of  blood  through  the  walls  of 
the  heart.  American  journal  of  physiology, 
1898,  i,  pp.  215-224. 

Cleghorx,  a.  :  The  reinforcement  of  voluntary 
muscular  contractions.  American  journal  of 
physiology,  1898,  i,  pp.  336-345. 

Caxnox,  W.  B.:  The  movements  of  the  stomach 
studied  by  means  of  the  Rontgen  rays.  Amer- 
ican journal  of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp.  359- 
382. 


50  PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 

Caxnox,  W.  B.,  and  A.  Moser:  The  movements  of 
the  food  in  the  oesophagus.  American  journal 
of  physiologv,  1898,  i,  pp.  435-444. 

Bancroft,  F.  W.  :  Tlie  venomotor  nerves  of  the 
hind  limb.  American  journal  of  physiology, 
1898,  i,  pp.  477-485. 

MusKEXs,  L.  J.  J. :  An  analysis  of  the  action  of 
the  vagus  nerve  on  the  heart.  American 
journal  of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp.  486-510. 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  A  new  method  for  the  study  of 
the  isolated  mammalian  heart.  American 
journal  of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp.  511-518. 

1899 

Porter  ,  W.  T.  :  The  coordination  of  the  ventri- 
cles. American  journal  of  physiology,  1899, 
ii,  pp.  127-136. 

Stewart,  C.  C:  On  the  course  of  impulses  to  and 
from  the  cat's  bladder.  American  journal  of 
physiology,  1899,  ii,  pp.  182-202. 

Baumgartex,  W.  :  Infarction  in  the  heart.  Ameri- 
can journal  of  physiology,  1899,  ii,  pp.  243-265. 

Cleghorx,  a.  :  The  action  of  animal  extracts,  bac- 
terial cultures,  and  culture  filtrates  on  the 
mammalian  heart  muscle.  American  journal 
of  physiology,  1899,  ii,  pp.  273-290. 

Cleghorx,  a.  :  The  physiological  action  of  ex- 
tracts of  the  sympathetic  ganglia.  American 
journal  of  physiology,  1899,  ii,  pp.  471-482. 

Woodworth,  R.  S.  :  Studies  in  the  contraction  of 
smooth  muscle.  American  journal  of  physiol- 
ogy, 1899,  iii,  pp.  26-44. 

Mathews,  A.  P. :  The  origin  of  fibrinogen.  Ameri- 
can journal  of  physiology,  1899,  iii,  pp.  53-85. 


PnYSIOLOGICAL   EESEARCH  51 


1900 

Dearborx,  G.  V.  K. :     Notes   on   the   individual 

psycho-phiysiology  of  the  crayhsh.     American 

journal  of  physiology,  1900,  iii,  pp.  404-433. 
PoRTPiK,  W.  T.,  and  H.  Gr.  Beyer  :    The  relation  of 

the  depressor  nerve  to  the  vasomotor  centre. 

American  journal  of  physiology,  1900,  iv,  pp. 

283-299. 
Porter,  W.  T.,  and  W.  Muhlberg:    Experiments 

concerning   the    prolonged    inhibition  said  to 

follow  injury  of  the  spinal  cord.     American 

journal  of  physiology,  1900,  iv,  pp.  334-342. 
Pranz,  S.  I. :   On  the  methods  of  estimating  the 

force  of  voluntary  contractions  and  on  fatigue. 

American  journal  of  physiology,  1900,  iv,  pp. 

348-372. 
Cleghorx,  a.  :   The  physiological  effects  and  the 

nature    of    extracts    of    sympathetic    ganglia. 

Journal  of  the  Boston  Society  of  the  Medical 

Sciences,  1900,  iv,  pp.  239-242. 

1901 

Mathews,  A.  P.:   The   spontaneous   secretion   of 

saliva  and  the  action  of  atropine.     American 

journal  of  physiology,  1901,  iv,  pp.  482-499. 
McCuRDY,  J.  H. :  The  effect  of  maximum  muscular 

effort  on  blood-pressure.     American  journal  of 

physiology,  1901,  v,  pp.  95-103. 
Cleghorx,  A.,  and  C.  C.  Stewart  :  The  inhibition 

time    of    a    voluntary    muscular    contraction. 

American  journal  of  physiology,  1901,  v,  pp. 

281-286. 
Canxox,    W.    B.  :     Cerebral     pressure    following 

trauma.      American    journal    of    physiology, 

1901,  vi,  pp.  91-121. 


52  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HAKVARD 


V 

THE   SUMMER   COURSE 

The  summer  course  in  physiology  will  be  gi\'en 
daily  during  the  five  weeks  from  .  June  30  to 
August  2,  1902,  inclusive.  This  course  will  lie 
found  to  be  valuable  to  instructors  of  schools 
and  colleges  who  seek  experience  in  the  teaching 
of  physiology  by  laboratory  methods.  Students 
who  wish  to  prepare  themselves  for  the  courses 
in  the  Medical  School,  or  who  may  desire  to  re- 
cover ground  lost  by  illness  or  other  misfortune, 
will  also  find  an  opportunity  here.  The  instruc- 
tion will  consist  of  fundamental  experiments  per- 
formed by  the  students  themselves,  and  the  study 
of  accessory  data.  An  informal  lecture  or  con- 
ference will  be  given  daily. 

The  fee  for  these  thirty  days  of  laboratory 
instruction,  including  the  necessary  material, 
will  be  forty  dollars. 


APPENDIX  53 


APPENDIX 


APPARATUS 

The  following  articles  are  required  for  the  ex- 
periments upon  muscle  and  nerve,  the  circulation, 
spinal  cord  and  brain,  physiological  optics,  and 
cutaneous  sensations  (pages  13-24).  Additional 
lists  for  the  subjects  in  preparation  will  be  issued 
when  the  experiments  are  ready. 

Adjustable  plate,  or  nerve  holder.^ 

Artificial  scheme,  see  circulation  scheme. 

Balancing  board,  see  board,  balancing. 

*Band,  rubber,  diameter  9  cm.,  for  the  head. 

Beakers,  3,  7  X  6  cm. 

Block,  S.6  X  8.6  X  1.6  cm.,  for  +10  D  lens,  in  arti- 
ficial eye  box. 

,  8.6  X  8.6  X  1.6  cm.,  for  cylindrical  +7  D  lens, 

in  artificial  eye  box. 

,  8.6  X  8.6  X  1.6    cm.,  for  mirror,  in  artificial 

eye  box. 
-,  8.6  X  S.6  X  1.6   cm.,   for  retina,  in  artificial 


eye  box. 

Board,  balancing,  38.5  X  20.5  X  4.5  cm. 
,  mesentery,  with  6  fine  pins. 

1  Articles  marked  *  will  be  placed  in  the  small  wooden  boxes. 


54  PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 

Book,  for  laboratory  notes,  21  x  17.5  cm.,  180  pages. 

,  for  thesis,  21  X  17.2  cm.,  32  pages. 

Bottle,  glass  stopper,  9  X  3.7  cm.,  45  c.c.  cnrare; 

2   drops    should   paralyze   a   frog   in   about   10 

minutes. 

,  5x3  cm.,  20  c.c,  with  100  grams  of  mercury. 

,  glass  stopper,  13  x  5.3  cm.,  135  c.c.  normal 

saline. 

glass  stopper,  13  X  5.3  cm.,  135  c.c.  saturated 


solution  zinc  sulphate. 

square,  7.5  x  4.3  X  4.3  cm.,  filled  with  68  c.c. 


of  75  per  cent  glycerine  tinged  with  eosin ;  cork 

flush  with  neck  ;  in  artificial  box. 
Bottles,  3,  glass  stoppers,  10  x  4.2  cm.,  70  c.c,  for 

solutions. 
Bowl,  earthenware,  18  X  5.5  cm.,  1200  c.c. 
Box,  black,  to  cover  retina. 

■ ,  43.5  X  20.4  X  24  cm.,  to  mount  electrometer. 

Boxes,  2,  wooden,  12  x  8.7  X  5  cm. 

*  Brush,  camel's-hair,  for  handling  nerves. 

Burner,  Bunsen,  with  150  cm.  rubber  tubing. 

,  fish-tail,  with  perfect  tip. 

*Candlewick,  10  cm.  long. 

^Cannula,    metal,  for   aorta,  with   10   cm.  rubber 

tube,  and  3.5  cm.  glass  rod  to  fit  tube. 
Carbon  dioxide  generator,  with  wash  bottle,  marble, 

20  per  cent  HClin  beaker,  and  connecting  tubes. 
Card,  with  no.  20  copper  wire. 
Cell,  Daniell,  amalgamated  zinc,  copper,  porous  cup, 

saturated  solution  copper  sulphate,  5  per  cent 

sulphuric  acid. 
Cells,  2  dry. 
*Cement,  colophonium    1    part,  beeswax  4  parts, 

piece  2  X  2  X  2.5  cm. 
Circulation  scheme. 
Clamp,  curved  iron. 
,  4  double  iron. 


APPENDIX  55 

Clamp,  femur,  or  muscle  clamp. 
Clay,  potter's  kaolin  in  dish,  5.5  x  3.7  era.,  moist- 
ened with  0.6  per  cent  NaCl  solution. 
Cloth,  cotton,  30  X  40  cm. 
^Collar  button. 

*Compressor,  or  cork  clamp,  or  Gaskell  clamp. 
Cork,  diameter  2  cm. 
Cotton ;  fill  beaker  loosely. 
Cylinder,  cardboard,  20.5  X  5.5  cm.,  for  kymograph. 

paper. 

,  cardboard  box,  26  X  4  cm.,  for  straws. 

,  tin,  cork  plug,  incense,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

Diaphragm,  0.2  mm.  aperture,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

,  L  aperture,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

,  vertical  and  horizontal  slit,  in  artificial  eye 

box. 
Dish,  evaporating,  diameter  8  cm. 

,  paper,  diameter  16  cm.,  for  rocking  key. 

Dissecting  case,   with  scissors,  one  large  and  one 

small  forceps,  and  a  seeker. 
^Electrodes,  brass,  1  flat,  and  1  wire. 

,  for  inductorium. 

* ,   needle,   2  pair,  each  pair  passed  through  a 

cork,  diameter  1  cm. 
,  4  unpolarizable  boots,  with  4  spring  clips,  4 

zincs,  and  4  no.  27  wires,  10  cm.  long,  in  moist 

chamber. 

,  2  platinum,  5  X  0.5  cm. 

-,  1  zinc,  7  by  0.5  cm. 


Electromagnetic  signal,  see  signal  magnet. 
Electrometer,  capillary,  20  per  cent  sulphuric  acid, 

with  box,  and  curved  iron  clamp. 
Ergograph,  iron  stand  with  spring,  with  adjustable 

rod,  hand  rest,  and  curved  iron  clamp. 
Eye,  artificial,  see  optical  box. 

,  artificial  ophthalmoscopic,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

Frog,  sciatic  nerve  cut  4  days  before  use. 


56  PHYSIOLOGY    AT    HARVARD 

Progs,  medium  size,  average  number  for  each  stu- 
dent, 45. 

■ -,  large,  average  number  for  each  student,  4. 

,  Frog  board,  4  clips. 

Frog-heart  manometer,  see  manometer,  small  mer- 
cury. 

Funnel  ring. 

Galvanometer. 

*Gas  chamber,  cork  with  2  tubes  and  2  electrodes, 
normal  saline  clay. 

*Handles,  4  wooden,  for  pressure-hairs. 

Heart-holder,  wooden  stand. 

*Hooks,  2,  S-shaped,  one  end  sharp. 

* ,  2  double. 

Ice. 

Incense,  4  pieces,  3  cm.  long,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

Inductorium. 

Ink,  black  and  red. 

Interrupter  wheel. 

*Iron  filings,  2  grams. 

Jar,  glass,  battery,  20  X  17  cm.,  to  hold  frog. 

Key,  rocking,  with  paper  dish. 

,  simple. 

Kymograph. 

Lantern,  2  draw  tubes. 

Lens,  convex,  +2  D,  in  small  envelope,  in  artificial 
eye  box. 

,  convex,  -|-10  D,  in  wooden  block,  in  artificial 

eye  box. 

• ,  concave,  — 2  D,  in  small  envelope,  in  artifi- 
cial eye  box. 

,  cylindrical,  -f-2  D,  in  small  envelope,  in  arti- 
ficial eye  box. 

cylindrical,  +7  D,  in  wooden  block,  in  artifi- 


cial eye  box. 

Lever,  light  muscle,  with  small  scale  pan  and  ver- 
tical pin. 


APPENDIX  57 

Lever,  heavy  muscle,  with  large  scale  pan. 

Ligature,  thread,  100-yard  spool. 

*Magnet,  bar. 

Manonieter,  small   mercury,  with   glass   float  and 

rubber  tube. 
Marble,  for  carbon  dioxide  generator. 
Membrane,  finest  rubber,  diameter  2  cm.,  for  sphyg- 
mograph  tambour. 

* ,  rubber  dam,  diameter  5  cm.,  for  sphygmo- 

graph  thistle  tube. 
*Menthol  pencil. 
Mercury  cup,  for  vibrating  reed. 
Mesentery  board,  see  board,  mesentery. 
Metronome,  one  in  each  room. 
*Micrometer  ocular. 

Microscope,  with  jointed  stand  for  horizonal   ad- 
justment. 
*Millimetre  paper,  strip  15  X  1.5  cm. 
Mirror,  concavo-convex,  in  wooden  block,  in  artifi- 
cial eye  box. 

,  plane,  glass,  5x5  cm.,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

Moist  chamber,  with  4  unpolarizable  boots,  4  clips, 

1  femur  clamp,  and  glass  shade. 
Mounting  rod,  for  boot  electrodes. 
Muscle  clamp,  see  clamp,  femur. 

lever,  heav}'-,  see  lever,  heavy  muscle. 

lever,  light,  see  lever,  light  muscle. 

warmer,  with  thermometer,  lead  shot,  and  ice. 

Nerve  holder,  see  adjustable  plate. 
Optical  box,  see  also 

block,  holding  -flO  D  lens. 

,  holding  cylindrical  -f7  D  lens. 

■ ,  holding  concavo-convex  mirror. 

,  holding  retina. 

bottle,  square,  filled  with  75  per  cent  glycerine 
tinged  with  eosin  ;  cork  flush  with  neck. 

cover,  plate  glass. 


58  PHYSIOLOGY    AT   HARVARD 

Optical  box  (continuecV)  — 

cylinder,  tin,  with  cork  plug. 

diaphragm,  0.2  mm.  aperture. 

,  L  aperture. 

,  vertical  and  horizontal  slit. 

incense,  4  pieces  3  cm.  long. 

mirror,  plane,  silvered  glass. 

ophthalmoscopic  eye. 

screen,  1  cm.  diameter. 

slide,  glass,  to  cover  window. 

,  ground  glass. 

*Paper,  black,  1  x  1  cm.,  stroboscopic  method. 

,  coordinate,  10  x  10  cm. 

,  filter,  1  sheet,  50  X  50  cm. 

* ,  filter,  5x5  cm.,  soaked  in   starch   paste 

with  potassium  iodide. 

,   glazed   on  one   side,  in  cardboard   case,   25 

sheets,  54.8  X  18.5  cm.,  gummed  0.8  cm.  at  one 
end. 
,  paraffin,  10  x  7  cm. 

-,  for  written  tests,  24.5  X  19.5  cm.,  printed. 


* ,  for  writing-points,  5  X  5  cm. 

Paramecia. 

*Pins,  6,  for  mesentery. 

Pipette,  glass  tube,  20  cm.  long,  diameter  0.6  cm., 

drawn  out. 

,  fine  glass. 

,  rubber  bulb. 

Plate,  glass,  12.8  x  10.3  cm. 

,  glass  cover,  for  artificial  eye  box. 

Plethysmograph   tube,  with   rubber   collar   4   cm. 

long,  rubber  tubing,  and  T-tube. 
Pole  changer,  see  key,  rocking. 
Rabbit,  uninjured,  in  rabbit  holder,  for  heart  reflex. 
Reed,  vibrating,  20  cm. 
Rheochord. 
*Ring,  brass,  0.1  gram. 


APPENDIX  59 

*Ring,  2  straw  fasteners. 

*Rod,  glass,  3.5  cm.,  for  aortic  cannula  tube. 

,  glass,   L-shaped,  Exp,  salts  on  heart-muscle. 

,  stirring,  20  cm.  long,  end  drawn  out. 

,  wooden,  8.5  X  0.6  cm. 

Scale  pan,  large. 

pan,  small. 

Shellac  dissolved  in  96  per  cent  alcohol. 

*Shot,  lead,  1  gram,  split. 

Signal  magnet. 

*Slide,  glass,  7.6  X  2.6  cm. 

,  glass,  7.6  X  3.9  cm.,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

,  ground  glass,  7.6  X  3.9  cm.,  in  artificial  eye 

box. 
Sodium  chloride,  crystals  in  salt  mouth,  30   c.c, 

bottle. 
Solutions,^ 

amyl  nitrite, 
acetic  acid  (strong), 
alcohol. 

ammonia,  NHg. 
atropine,  0.5  per  cent. 
Bieclermann's  fluid, 

sodium  chloride,  XaCl,  5  grams, 
disodium  hydrogen  phosphate,  Na2HP04, 

2  grams, 
sodium  carbonate,  NaaCOs,  0.4  gram, 
water,  H.^O,  1000  c.c. 

1  Tlie  composition  of  each  solution  is  written  upon  as  many 
tags  as  tliere  are  pairs  of  students.  The  writing  is  coated  with 
shellac  dissolved  in  nlcoliol.  Experience  has  sliown  that  not 
more  than  three  solutions  are  needed  at  any  one  lalioratory 
exercise.  The  necessary  quantity  of  the  liquids  is  transferred 
from  large  stock  bottles  to  tliree  small  bottles,  upon  which  the 
corresponding  tags  are  placed.  Kacli  tag  has  a  metal  ring 
Avhich  slips  readily  over  tlie  neck  of  the  bcjttle.  At  the  close  of 
the  exercise  the  tags  are  stored  away,  and  the  bottles  carefully 
washed. 


60  PHYSIOLOGY    AT    HARVARD 

Solutions  (continued)  — 

calcium  chloride,  CaCl2,  1  per  cent. 

copper  sulphate,  CUSO4,  saturated  solution. 

distilled  water,  H2O. 

ether. 

hydrochloric  acid,  HCl,  20  per  cent. 

muscariue  (trace). 

nicotine,  0,2  per  cent. 

potassium  chloride,  KCl,  5  per  cent. 

• chloride,  KCl,  0.9  per  cent. 

E-inger's  fluid, 

calcium  chloride,  CaCls,  0.0026  gram.   • 

potassium  chloride,  KCl,  0.035  gram. 

sodium  chloride,  I^aCl,  0,7  gram, 

water,  H2O,  to  make  100  c.c. 
sodium  carbonate,  j^'agCOg,  1  per  cent. 

chloride,  NaCl,  saturated  solution, 

chloride,    JSTaCl,    0.6   per  cent,    "normal 

saline." 

chloride,  jSTaCl,  0.75  per  cent. 


strychnine  sulphate,  0.5  per  cent, 
sulphuric  acid,  H2SO4,  5  per  cent. 

acid,  H2SO4,  0.2  per  cent. 

veratrine  acetate,  1  per  cent. 
Sphygmograph   iJambour,    with  rubber   tubing,   T- 
tube,  fine  straw,  finest  rubber  membrane,  thistle 
tube,  rubber  dam,  and  collar  button. 
Stand,  two  iron,  with  4  clamps. 

,  wooden. 

Straw,  fine,  for  sphygmograph  tambour. 
,  large,  36  cm.  long,  with  platinum  wire  sol- 
dered to  thin  copper  wire. 
Straws,  large,  20  cm,  long,  3  in  cardboard  case. 
Tags,  written  and  shellacked,  one  for  each  solution 
except  curare,  normal  saline,  and  saturated  solu- 
tion zinc  sulphate. 
Thermometer,  diameter  not  over  0.8  cm. 


APPENDIX  61 

*Thread,  silk,  50  cm. 

Tin  foil,  see  paper. 

Tortoise,  average  number  for  each  student,  1. 

Towel,  small. 

Tracing  holders,  3. 

Tuning  fork. 

Vertebral  sa\Y. 

Volume  tube,  2  corks  with  hook  electrode. 

Wash  bottle,  for  carbon  dioxide  generator. 

Web  board;  may  use  mesentery  board. 

*  Weights,  10  one-gram  in  box. 

,  100  ten-gram  in  large  scale  pan. 

Wire  gauze,  10  X  10  cm. 

Wire,  300  cm.,  fine  copper,  no.  33,  on  spool. 

,  copper,  10  cm. 

,  iron,  10  cm. 

-,  zinc,  10  cm. 


Wires,  copper,  13  no.  25,  60  cm.  long,  on  spool. 

,  copper,  2  no.  2o,  150  cm.  long,  coiled. 

,  connecting,  for  lantern,  with  plug. 

Work  adder. 


For7n  F. 


[Eequisition  blank.] 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Fhysiology, 

.  190 


The  undersigned  desires  the  following  supplies: 


Room 

(Signed) 

Number 


62  PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 

Form  G. 

[First  issue  of  apparatus.] 

Harvard    Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

February  8,  1902. 

The  undersigned  students  have  received  this 
first  issue  of  apparatus,  for  experiments  upon  the 
methods  of  electrical  stimulation  of  muscle  and 
nerve,  chemical  and  mechanical  stimulation.^ 

Adjustable  plate. 
Beakers,  3. 
Bottle,  with  curare. 

,  with  0.6  per  cent  ISTaCI. 

,  with  saturated  ZnS04. 


,  with  Hg. 

Boxes,  2  small  wooden. 

Bowl. 

*Brush,  camel's-hair. 

Burner,  Bunsen,  and  tubing. 

,  fish-tail. 

Cells,  2  dry. 

*Cement,  colophonium. 

Clamp,  curved  iron. 

,  4  double  iron. 

,  femur,  see  muscle  clamp. 

Clay,  in  glass  dish. 
^Compressor  (Gaskell  clamp). 
Cork. 

Cork  clamp. 

Cylinder,   cardboard,  with   25   sheets   kymograph 
paper. 

,  cardboard  box,  with  3  straws. 

Dish,  paper,  for  rocking  key. 
^Electrodes,  brass,  one  flat  and  one  wire. 
,  for  inductorium. 

1  Articles  marked  *  will  be  found  in  the  small  wooden  boxes. 


APPENDIX  63 

♦Electrodes,  4  needle,  witli  2  small  corks. 

■ ,  4  unpolarizable   (4   boots,    4  spring  clips,  4 

zincs,  and  4  connecting  wires,  in  moist  chamber). 
Electromagnetic  signal,  see  signal  magnet. 
Electrometer  mounted  on  box. 
Frog  board  with  4  clips. 
Funnel  ring. 
*Hooks,  S-shaped,  2. 

* ,  double,  2. 

Inductorium. 

Jar,  battery. 

Key,  rocking,  with  paper  dish. 

,  simple. 

Kymograph. 

Lever,  light  muscle,  with  vertical  pin. 

Ligatures,  thread,  on  spool. 

♦Micrometer  ocular. 

Millimetre  paper. 

Moist  chamber,  glass  cover. 

Mounting  rod  for  unpolarizable  electrodes. 

Muscle  clamp. 

Nerve  holder,  see  adjustable  plate. 

Paper,  coordinate. 

,  filter. 

* ,  for  writing  points. 

,  glazed, V  25  sheets  in  cardboard  case. 

Pipette. 

,  tine  glass. 

,  with  rubber  bulb. 

Plate,  glass. 

Pole-changer,  see  key,  rocking. 

Porcelain  dish. 

Rheochord. 

*Ring,  wire  straw  fastener,  2. 

Rod,  glass. 

Scale  pan,  small. 

Signal  magnet. 


64  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HAKVARD 

^Slide,  glass. 

Stands,  2  iron,  and  4  clamps. 

Straws,  3  in  case. 

Tracing  holders,  3. 

'I'nning  fork. 

^Weights,  10  ten-gram. 

Wire,  300  cm.  fine  copper,  on  spool. 

,  copper,  10  cm. 

,  zinc,  10  cm. 

Wires,  copper,  13  two-ft.  each,  1  five-ft. 
Wire  gauze. 

(Signed) 


Desk Eoom 

Form  H. 

[Second  issue  of  apparatus.] 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiologt, 

1902. 

The  undersigned  students  have  received  this 
second  issue  of  apparatus,  comprising  the  addi- 
tional pieces  necessary  for  experiments  upon 
irritability  and  conductivity,  electromotive  phe- 
nomena of  muscle  and  nerve,  and  change  in  form. 

Candlewick. 

Carbon    dioxide    generator,    with    marble,    wash 

bottle,  and  connecting  tubes. 
Cotton. 

Ergograph,  with  adjustable  rod,  and  hand  rest. 
Gas  chamber,  cork  with  2  tubes  and  2  electrodes. 
Heart  holder. 
Interrupter  wheel. 

Lever,  heavy  muscle  (rigid  muscle  lever). 
Muscle  warmer. 


APPENDIX  65 

Eubber  band. 

Scale  pan,  large,  with.  90  ten-gram  weights. 

Shot,  lead,  split. 

Wash  bottle,  for  carbon  dioxide  generator. 

Weights,  10  one-gram. 

;  100  ten-gram,  in  scale  pan. 

Work  adder. 

(Signed) 


Desk Eoom. 

Form  I. 


Harvard  Medical  School, 

Depart3ient  of  Phisiologt, 

March  13,  1902. 

The  following  apparatus  has  been  returned  by 

students and 

Room Desk 

[First  return  list.] 

Adjustable  plate. 

Bottle,  with  saturated  ZnSO^. 

Candlewick. 

Carbon  dioxide  generator,  with  marble,  wash  bot- 
tle, and  connecting  tubes. 

Cork  clamp. 

Dish  with  clay  (kaolin). 

Electrodes,  4  needle,  with  2  small  corks. 

,  4   unpolarizable    (4  boots,  4  spring  clips,  4 

zincs,  and  4  connecting  wires). 

Electrometer,  mounted  on  box. 

Ergograph,  with  adjustable  rod,  and  hand  rest. 

Gas  chamber. 

Moist  chamber,  glass  cover. 

Muscle  clamp. 

5 


66  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

Lever,  heavy  muscle. 

,  light  muscle. 

Muscle  warmer. 

Nerve  holder,  see  adjustable  plate. 

Eheochord. 

Scale  pan,  large. 

pan,  small. 

Tuuing  fork. 

Wash  bottle,  for  carbon  dioxide  generator. 

Weights,  10  one-gram. 

,  100  ten-gram. 

Work  adder. 

(Signed) 


For  Department  of  Physiology . 

Form  J. 

[List  of  apparatus  liable  to  be  broken.] 

Beakers  . 20  cents 

Boot  electrodes 10 

Capillary  tube  on  electrometer  ....  25 

Cover  to  moist  chamber 20 

Gas  chamber 10 

Glass  plate 2 

Jar  of  Daniell  cell 25 

Pipettes 3 

Stirring  rod 2 

Tip  to  gas  burner 2 


Date  Due 

f) 

QP39 
Sorter 


P83 


Aypiogy  at  Harvard 


